Spinal Cord Injury: Pathophysiology, Multimolecular Interactions, and Underlying Recovery Mechanisms
- PMID: 33066029
- PMCID: PMC7589539
- DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207533
Spinal Cord Injury: Pathophysiology, Multimolecular Interactions, and Underlying Recovery Mechanisms
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a destructive neurological and pathological state that causes major motor, sensory and autonomic dysfunctions. Its pathophysiology comprises acute and chronic phases and incorporates a cascade of destructive events such as ischemia, oxidative stress, inflammatory events, apoptotic pathways and locomotor dysfunctions. Many therapeutic strategies have been proposed to overcome neurodegenerative events and reduce secondary neuronal damage. Efforts have also been devoted in developing neuroprotective and neuro-regenerative therapies that promote neuronal recovery and outcome. Although varying degrees of success have been achieved, curative accomplishment is still elusive probably due to the complex healing and protective mechanisms involved. Thus, current understanding in this area must be assessed to formulate appropriate treatment modalities to improve SCI recovery. This review aims to promote the understanding of SCI pathophysiology, interrelated or interlinked multimolecular interactions and various methods of neuronal recovery i.e., neuroprotective, immunomodulatory and neuro-regenerative pathways and relevant approaches.
Keywords: neuro-regeneration; neurodegeneration; neuroprotection; primary injury; secondary injury; spinal cord injury.
Conflict of interest statement
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Figures









Similar articles
-
Low-energy extracorporeal shock wave therapy promotes vascular endothelial growth factor expression and improves locomotor recovery after spinal cord injury.J Neurosurg. 2014 Dec;121(6):1514-25. doi: 10.3171/2014.8.JNS132562. Epub 2014 Oct 3. J Neurosurg. 2014. PMID: 25280090
-
Lentivirus-mediated PGC-1α overexpression protects against traumatic spinal cord injury in rats.Neuroscience. 2016 Jul 22;328:40-9. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.04.031. Epub 2016 Apr 27. Neuroscience. 2016. PMID: 27132229
-
Polymer scaffolds facilitate spinal cord injury repair.Acta Biomater. 2019 Apr 1;88:57-77. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.01.056. Epub 2019 Jan 31. Acta Biomater. 2019. PMID: 30710714 Review.
-
Non-mammalian model systems for studying neuro-immune interactions after spinal cord injury.Exp Neurol. 2014 Aug;258:130-40. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.12.023. Exp Neurol. 2014. PMID: 25017894 Free PMC article. Review.
-
Cell therapy and delivery strategies for spinal cord injury.Histol Histopathol. 2021 Sep;36(9):907-920. doi: 10.14670/HH-18-350. Epub 2021 Jun 10. Histol Histopathol. 2021. PMID: 34109994 Review.
Cited by
-
Repair of spinal cord injury by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on rat models.Front Mol Neurosci. 2024 Aug 7;17:1448777. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1448777. eCollection 2024. Front Mol Neurosci. 2024. PMID: 39169950 Free PMC article.
-
Effects of melatonin-pretreated adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in an animal model of spinal cord injury.BMC Neurosci. 2022 Nov 16;23(1):65. doi: 10.1186/s12868-022-00752-6. BMC Neurosci. 2022. PMID: 36384473 Free PMC article.
-
Sarsasapogenin regulates the immune microenvironment through MAPK/NF-kB signaling pathway and promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury.Heliyon. 2024 Jan 26;10(3):e25145. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25145. eCollection 2024 Feb 15. Heliyon. 2024. PMID: 38322941 Free PMC article.
-
Application of natural antioxidants from traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of spinal cord injury.Front Pharmacol. 2022 Oct 5;13:976757. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.976757. eCollection 2022. Front Pharmacol. 2022. PMID: 36278149 Free PMC article. Review.
-
Bibliometric and visual analysis of spinal cord injury-associated macrophages from 2002 to 2023.Front Neurol. 2023 Nov 21;14:1285908. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1285908. eCollection 2023. Front Neurol. 2023. PMID: 38073628 Free PMC article.
References
-
- Htwe O., Hussain R.I., Naicker A.S. Challenges in Managing Severe Lower Limb Spasticity Associated with Bilateral Hip Joints Subluxation. Eur. J. Gen. Med. 2016;13:165–167.
-
- Ohnmar H., Das S., Naicker A.S. An interesting case of Autonomic Dysreflexia. Clin. Ter. 2009;160:371. - PubMed
Publication types
MeSH terms
Grants and funding
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
Medical