Factors associated with calf mortality and poor growth of dairy heifer calves in northeast Germany

Abstract

A cross-sectional study was conducted on fifty German dairy farms to identify risk factors for high mortality and poor growth in calves. Between 2012 and 2014, farm visits took place and a questionnaire on farm management practices was completed by in-person interview. In addition, heart girth measurements of calves around weaning were performed to estimate average daily weight gain. Furthermore, blood and faecel samples of calves were collected and a score addressing calf welfare was determined. The epidemiological associations between risk factors and high mortality and poor growth were estimated using two regression models. The factors significantly associated with high calf mortality (> 5%) were a high rate of calves with failure of passive transfer (> 25%) and the metaphylactic use of halofuginone lactate. A small amount of concentrates consumed around weaning, relocating calves more than twice until weaning and a low incidence risk of milk fever (< 5%) were found to be significantly associated with poor growth (median: 675 grams). Although the fifty farms cannot be considered as a representative sample for North-East Germany, the results indicate that the farm management has a big impact on growth and survival of dairy calves and needs to be addressed more thoroughly when raising the future dairy cow.

Keywords: animal needs index; average daily weight gain; failure of passive transfer; herd; management; serum albumin.

Fig. 1

Summary of the ANI** result of one farm showing the seven areas of influence and all evaluation points and their impact on final results. E - individual housing (first two weeks); G1 – group housing (until weaning); G2 – group housing (until six month of life); A – all calves; L – lowest count; M - mean. * Each compartment in an age group was assessed separately. ** Winckler et al. (1994).