Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2020 Oct 15;12(10):2990.
doi: 10.3390/cancers12102990.

Racial/Ethnic Disparities and Survival Characteristics in Non-Pancreatic Gastrointestinal Tract Neuroendocrine Tumors

Suleyman Yasin Goksu  1   2 , Muhammet Ozer  2   3 , Muhammad S Beg  1   2 , Nina Niu Sanford  4 , Chul Ahn  5 , Benjamin D Fangman  1 , Busra B Goksu  1 , Udit Verma  1   2 , Aravind Sanjeevaiah  1   2 , David Hsiehchen  1   2 , Amy L Jones  1   2 , Radhika Kainthla  1   2 , Syed M Kazmi  1   2
Affiliations

Racial/Ethnic Disparities and Survival Characteristics in Non-Pancreatic Gastrointestinal Tract Neuroendocrine Tumors

Suleyman Yasin Goksu et al. Cancers (Basel). .

Abstract

Background: We studied the effect of race and ethnicity on disease characteristics and survival in gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors. Methods: The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was used to select patients with non-pancreatic gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors diagnosed between 2004 and 2015. Trends in survival were evaluated among three groups: Hispanic, non-Hispanic White, and non-Hispanic Black. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression methods were performed to calculate overall survival and cause-specific survival after adjusting for patient and tumor characteristics. Results: A total of 26,399 patients were included in the study: 65.1% were non-Hispanic White, 19.9% were non-Hispanic Black, and 15% were Hispanic. Non-Hispanic White patients were more likely to be male (50.0%, p < 0.001), older than 60 years (48.0%, p < 0.001), and present with metastatic disease (17.7%, p < 0.001). Non-Hispanic White patients had small intestine neuroendocrine tumors, while Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black patients had rectum neuroendocrine tumors as the most common primary site. Hispanic patients had better overall survival, while non-Hispanic Black patients had better cause-specific survival versus non-Hispanic White patients. This finding was confirmed on multivariable analysis where Hispanic patients had improved overall survival compared to non-Hispanic White patients (Hazard ratio (HR): 0.89 (0.81-0.97)), whereas non-Hispanic Black patients had better cause-specific survival compared to non-Hispanic White patients (HR: 0.89 (0.80-0.98)). Conclusions: Race/ethnicity is an independent prognostic factor in patients with gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors.

Keywords: database; gastrointestinal tract; neuroendocrine tumors; race factors; survival analysis.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Distribution of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors between race and ethnicity.
Figure 2
Figure 2
(a) Racial disparities in overall survival; (b) racial disparities in cause-specific survival.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Racial disparities in overall survival for patients stratified by primary site: (A) esophagus, (B) stomach, (C) small intestine, (D) colon, (E) rectum, and (F) appendix.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Racial disparities in cause-specific survival for patients stratified by primary site: (A) esophagus, (B) stomach, (C) small intestine, (D) colon, (E) rectum, and (F) appendix.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Flow chart to show the selection of patients.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Klöppel G., Perren A., Heitz P.U. The gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine cell system and its tumors: The WHO classification. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2004;1014:13–27. doi: 10.1196/annals.1294.002. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Frilling A., Åkerström G., Falconi M., Pavel M., Ramos J., Kidd M., Modlin I.M. Neuroendocrine tumor disease: An evolving landscape. Endocr. Relat. Cancer. 2012;19:R163–R185. doi: 10.1530/ERC-12-0024. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Halperin D.M., Shen C., Dasari A., Xu Y., Chu Y., Zhou S., Shih Y.-C.T., Yao J.C. Frequency of carcinoid syndrome at neuroendocrine tumour diagnosis: A population-based study. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18:525–534. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30110-9. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Modlin I.M., Oberg K., Chung D.C., Jensen R.T., de Herder W.W., Thakker R.V., Caplin M., Delle Fave G., Kaltsas G.A., Krenning E.P., et al. Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. Lancet Oncol. 2008;9:61–72. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(07)70410-2. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Man D., Wu J., Shen Z., Zhu X. Prognosis of patients with neuroendocrine tumor: A SEER database analysis. Cancer Manag. Res. 2018;10:5629. doi: 10.2147/CMAR.S174907. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources