Unravelling the antimicrobial action of antidepressants on gut commensal microbes

Abstract

Over the past decade, there has been increasing evidence highlighting the implication of the gut microbiota in a variety of brain disorders such as depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia. Studies have shown that depression affects the stability of gut microbiota, but the impact of antidepressant treatments on microbiota structure and metabolism remains underexplored. In this study, we investigated the in vitro antimicrobial activity of antidepressants from different therapeutic classes against representative strains of human gut microbiota. Six different antidepressants: phenelzine, venlafaxine, desipramine, bupropion, aripiprazole and (S)-citalopram have been tested for their antimicrobial activity against 12 commensal bacterial strains using agar well diffusion, microbroth dilution method, and colony counting. The data revealed an important antimicrobial activity (bacteriostatic or bactericidal) of different antidepressants against the tested strains, with desipramine and aripiprazole being the most inhibitory. Strains affiliating to most dominant phyla of human microbiota such as Akkermansia muciniphila, Bifidobacterium animalis and Bacteroides fragilis were significantly altered, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranged from 75 to 800 μg/mL. A significant reduction in bacterial viability was observed, reaching 5 logs cycle reductions with tested MICs ranged from 400 to 600 μg/mL. Our findings demonstrate that gut microbiota could be altered in response to antidepressant drugs.

Figure 1

Inhibition zone of desipramine (A), aripiprazole (B) and phenelzine (C) against some intestinal bacteria strains. Lc: L. casei, Am: A. muciniphila, Bf: B. fragilis, Cl: C. leptum, Ec: E. coli, Ef: E. faecium, Er: E. rectale, Fp: F. prausnitzii. (1: 10 mg/mL; 2: 5 mg/mL; 3: 2.5 mg/mL; 4: 1.25 mg/mL; 5: 0.625 mg/mL).

Figure 2

Growth of some intestinal strains in the presence of (A) Desipramine and (B) Aripiprazole. Concentrations (μg/mL) of antidepressants were 0 (circle), 800 (square), 600 (triangle), 400 (diamond), 300 (star), 200 (inverted triangle) and 150 (cross).

Figure 3

Growth of some intestinal strains in the presence of (A) Phenelzine and (B) (S)-citalopram. Concentrations (μg/mL) of antidepressants were 0 (circle), 800 (square), 600 (triangle), 400 (diamond), 300 (star), 200 (inverted triangle) and 150 (cross).

Figure 4

Growth of some intestinal strains in the presence of (A) Venlafaxine and (B) Bupropion. Concentrations (μg/mL) of antidepressants were 0 (circle), 800 (square), 600 (triangle), 400 (diamond), 300 (star), 200 (inverted triangle) and 150 (cross).

Figure 5

Logarithmic reductions of the growth of the reference strains in the presence of the antidepressants.