Dissecting the paternal founders of Mundari (Austroasiatic) speakers associated with the language dispersal in South Asia

Abstract

The phylogenetic analysis of Y chromosomal haplogroup O2a-M95 was crucial to determine the nested structure of South Asian branches within the larger tree, predominantly present in East and Southeast Asia. However, it had previously been unclear that how many founders brought the haplogroup O2a-M95 to South Asia. On the basis of the updated Y chromosomal tree for haplogroup O2a-M95, we analysed 1437 male samples from South Asia for various novel downstream markers, carefully selected from the extant phylogenetic tree. With this increased resolution of genetic markers, we were able to identify at least three founders downstream to haplogroup O2a-M95, who are likely to have been associated with the dispersal of Austroasiatic languages to South Asia. The fourth founder was exclusively present amongst Tibeto-Burman speakers of Manipur and Bangladesh. In sum, our new results suggest the arrival of Austroasiatic languages in South Asia during last 5000 years.

Fig. 1. The updated phylogeography of haplogroup O2a-M95 in South Asia.

The branch coalescent times were calculated according to Karmin et al. [18]. The number of variants of a branch is shown in bold italics. For each branch, the total number of individuals of a population as well as the frequencies are shown. The M95* is M95x(B418, B419, B426, M1284).