Diverticular Disease: A Review on Pathophysiology and Recent Evidence

Abstract

Diverticular disease is common condition globally, especially in Western countries. Diverticulitis, Symptomatic uncomplicated Diverticular disease and Segmental Colitis associated with diverticula constitute diverticular disease. Although most patients with diverticula are asymptomatic, around 25% of patients will experience symptoms whilst 5% of patients have an episode of acute diverticulitis. The prevalence increases with age with more than one theory being put forward to explain its pathogenesis. Faecolith entrapment in diverticula results in colonic mucosal damage and oedema, bacterial proliferation and toxin accumulation leading to perforation. This mechanism may explain diverticulitis in elderly patients with multiple, larger diverticula. Ischaemic damage could be the cause of acute diverticulitis in younger patients with sparse diverticula where more frequent and forceful muscular contractions in response to colonic stimuli occlude the vasculature leading to ischaemia and microperforation. Chronic colonic active inflammation in the presence of diverticular disease is termed Segmental colitis associated with diverticulosis. Its pathophysiology is still indeterminate but together with its clinical picture, may mimic Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Treatment includes a high fibre diet together with antibiotics and/or salicylates with surgery in severe cases. Indications for elective surgery in diverticular disease have changed over the past decades as this may not suggest a reduction in morbidity and mortality. Prophylaxis with probiotics, laxatives, anti-spasmotics, anticholinergic drugs and salicylates are at the centre of recent studies. Studies are also challenging previously believed facts regarding dietary fibre, nuts and seeds whilst emphasizing the effect of healthy lifestyle and smoking on the increasing incidence of DD.

Keywords: Diverticular disease; Diverticulitis; Ischaemia; Prophylaxis; SCAD; Segmental Colitis associated with diverticula; Surgery; Trauma; diet.