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. 2020 Jul-Sep;12(3):308-316.
doi: 10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_268_20. Epub 2020 Jul 18.

Date seed extract-loaded oil-in-water nanoemulsion: Development, characterization, and antioxidant activity as a delivery model for rheumatoid arthritis

Abdul Qadir  1   2 , Mohd Aqil  3 , Usama Ahmad  1 , Nausheen Khan  4 , Musarrat H Warsi  5 , Juber Akhtar  1 , Muhammad Arif  1 , Abuzer Ali  6 , Satya P Singh  1
Affiliations

Date seed extract-loaded oil-in-water nanoemulsion: Development, characterization, and antioxidant activity as a delivery model for rheumatoid arthritis

Abdul Qadir et al. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2020 Jul-Sep.

Abstract

Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory disorder, affecting around 1% of the world population. Antioxidant activity plays important role to overcome the inflammation associated with arthritis. Phoenix dactylifera (date) seeds, generally considered as a waste product or utilized as food for domestic farm animals, have been used as a source of antioxidants at different disease conditions. The aim of the present study was to enhance the release of date seed extract in order to achieve high antioxidant activity. Nanoemulsion of methanolic extract of date seed was prepared by aqueous titration method. The selected formulations were exposed to thermodynamic stability and dispersibility tests. The optimized nanoemulsions were evaluated on the basis of droplet size (23.14 ± 0.055nm), polydispersity index (0.166 ± 0.124), percent transmittance (99.12 ± 0.0163), refractive index (1.36 ± 0.046), viscosity (cP) (12.30 ± 0.75), conductivity (µS/cm) (347.46 ± 1.10), and drug content (%) (99.67 ± 0.11). The in vitro release studies revealed that final optimized formulation has cumulative release of drug (57.51% ± 2.65%), which was more significantly greater as compared to drug suspension (26.44% ± 1.15%). Further in vitro antioxidant activity studies revealed that the developed methanolic extract of date seed-loaded nanoemulsion has more antioxidant potential when compared with methanolic extract.

Keywords: Antioxidant; Phoenix dactylifera; nanoemulsion; rheumatoid arthritis.

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Conflict of interest statement

There are no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Methanolic extract of crown
Figure 2
Figure 2
Quantitative solubility studies of date seed extract in different oils
Figure 3
Figure 3
Ternary phase diagrams of date seed extract nanoemulsions, F1 (Smix 1:0), F2 (Smix 1:1), F3 (Smix 2:1), and F4 (Smix 1:2)
Figure 4
Figure 4
Comparison of a (A) nanoemulsion (clear) and (B) macroemulsion (turbid) prepared by aqueous titration method
Figure 5
Figure 5
Droplet size distribution of optimized nanoemulsion
Figure 6
Figure 6
Zeta potential of optimized nanoemulsion
Figure 7
Figure 7
Transmission electron microscopy image of optimized nanoemulsion
Figure 8
Figure 8
In vitro release profile of date seed extract from different optimized nanoemulsion formulations (F3, F6, F8, and F11), and pure drug suspension (standard) in phosphate buffer, pH 5.6
Figure 9
Figure 9
Dose-dependent scavenging of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals by the methanolic extract of date seed and compared with standard drug α-tocopherol. Each value represents mean ± SD (n = 3). IC50 values of methanolic extract of date seed, nanoemulsion formulation, and α-tocopherol were 83.6 ± 1.78, 75.1 ± 1.09, and 98.1 ± 1.14 µg/mL, respectively
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