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Review
. 2020 Oct 28;25(21):4996.
doi: 10.3390/molecules25214996.

Carbon Anode in Carbon History

César A C Sequeira  1   1
Affiliations
Review

Carbon Anode in Carbon History

César A C Sequeira. Molecules. .

Abstract

This study examines how the several major industries, associated with a carbon artifact production, essentially belong to one, closely knit family. The common parents are the geological fossils called petroleum and coal. The study also reviews the major developments in carbon nanotechnology and electrocatalysis over the last 30 years or so. In this context, the development of various carbon materials with size, dopants, shape, and structure designed to achieve high catalytic electroactivity is reported, and among them recent carbon electrodes with many important features are presented together with their relevant applications in chemical technology, neurochemical monitoring, electrode kinetics, direct carbon fuel cells, lithium ion batteries, electrochemical capacitors, and supercapattery.

Keywords: carbon fuel cells; carbon materials; catalysis; electrochemical capacitors; lithium ion batteries; neurochemical monitoring.

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Conflict of interest statement

The author declares no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
A schematic illustrating the interdependence of carbon industries.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Structure of diamond.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Graphite structure.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Arrhenius plots of catalyzed and non catalyzed gasification showing an isokinetic point I.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Pitting of a graphite basaf plane.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Catalytic edge recession of a graphite basal plane.
Figure 7
Figure 7
(a,b) Catalytic channeling action resulting in fluted channels. (c) Changing direction of a channeling catalyst particle.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Sustainable energy future. Schematic of a sustainable energy landscape for the future based on electrocatalysis.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Catalyst development strategies. Schematic of various catalyst development strategies, which aim to increase the number of active sites and/or increase the intrinsic activity of each active site.
Figure 10
Figure 10
(a) Formation of C2O. (b) Formation of CO2.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Scheme of aluminium production cell.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Emerging reactions of interest. (A) Volcano plot for hydrogen peroxide production on metals and alloys [254]. (B) Volcano plot for carbon dioxide reduction on metals [275,276]. (C) Volcano plot for nitrogen reduction on metals, with that of HER overlaid for comparison [286].
Figure 13
Figure 13
Operating schematic of a gasification-driven direct carbon solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC).
Figure 14
Figure 14
The relative sizes of a carbon fiber electrode and a microdialysis probe next to a single cell.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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    1. Thonstad J., Fellner P., Haarberg G.M., Hives J., Kvande H., Sterten A. Aluminium Electrolysis. Aluminium-Verlag; Dusseldorf, Germany: 2001.
    1. Grjotheim K., Welch B.J. Aluminium Smelter Technology–A Pure and Applied Approach. 2nd ed. Aluminium Verlag; Dusseldorf, Germany: 1988.
    1. Grjotheim K., Kvande H., editors. Introduction to Aluminium Electrolysis. Aluminium-Verlag; Dusseldorf, Germany: 1993.
    1. Radenović A. Svojstva komponenti ugljične anode za proizvodnju aluminija. Nafta. 2012;63:111–114.

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