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. 2020 Oct 28:8:55.
doi: 10.1186/s40364-020-00236-x. eCollection 2020.

Assessment of serum macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), adiponectin, and other adipokines as potential markers of proteinuria and renal dysfunction in lupus nephritis: a cross-sectional study

Jorge Ivan Gamez-Nava #  1   2 , Valeria Diaz-Rizo #  3 , Edsaul Emilio Perez-Guerrero  4 , Jose Francisco Muñoz-Valle  4 , Ana Miriam Saldaña-Cruz  5 , Nicte Selene Fajardo-Robledo  6 , Heriberto Jacobo-Cuevas  1 , Cesar Arturo Nava-Valdivia  7 , Miriam Fabiola Alcaraz-Lopez  8 , Xochitl Trujillo  9 , Miguel Huerta  9 , Ernesto German Cardona-Muñoz  5 , Laura Gonzalez-Lopez  1   10
Affiliations

Assessment of serum macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), adiponectin, and other adipokines as potential markers of proteinuria and renal dysfunction in lupus nephritis: a cross-sectional study

Jorge Ivan Gamez-Nava et al. Biomark Res. .

Abstract

Background: To date, the association of serum macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and serum adipokines with lupus nephritis is controversial.

Objective: To assess the utility of serum MIF, leptin, adiponectin and resistin levels as markers of proteinuria and renal dysfunction in lupus nephritis.

Methods: Cross-sectional study including 196 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients and 52 healthy controls (HCs). Disease activity was assessed by Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI). Renal SLE involvement was investigated by renal-SLEDAI. MIF, adiponectin, leptin and resistin levels were quantified by ELISA. We assessed the correlations of quantitative variables by Spearman correlation (rs). Multivariable linear regression adjusted the variables associated with the severity of proteinuria.

Results: SLE patients had higher MIF (p = 0.02) and adiponectin (p < 0.001) than HCs. Patients with renal SLE involvement (n = 43) had higher adiponectin (19.0 vs 13.3 μg/mL, p = 0.002) and resistin (10.7 vs 8.9 ng/mL, p = 0.01) than patients with non-renal SLE (n = 153). Proteinuria correlated with high adiponectin (r s = 0.19, p < 0.009) and resistin (r s = 0.26, p < 0.001). MIF (r s = 0.27, p = 0.04). Resistin correlated with increased creatinine (r s = 0.18, p = 0.02). High renal-SLEDAI correlated with adiponectin (r s = 0.21, p = 0.004). Multiple linear regression showed that elevated adiponectin (p = 0.02), younger age (p = 0.04) and low MIF (p = 0.02) were associated with the severity of proteinuria. Low MIF and high adiponectin levels interacted to explain the association with the severity of proteinuria (R2 = 0.41).

Conclusions: High adiponectin combined with low MIF concentrations int+eract to explain the severity of proteinuria in renal SLE. These findings highlight the relevance of adiponectin, resistin and MIF as markers of LN.

Keywords: Adipokines; Adiponectin; Biomarkers; Lupus Erythematosus systemic; Lupus nephritis; MIF.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interestsAll the authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest to disclose.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Comparison of MIF and adipokines between healthy controls (HCs) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. Comparisons were performed with the Mann-Whitney U test
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Comparison of MIF and adipokines in HCs, renal SLE, and non-renal SLE. HCs: healthy controls. SLE: Systemic lupus erythematosus. Renal SLE includes patients with proteinuria higher than 0.5 g/day as the sole criterion or in conjunction with persistent haematuria, leucocytes in urine or urine casts by granulocytes or erythrocytes. Comparisons between quantitative variables were performed with the Kruskal-Wallis test. p < 0.05. P values for multiple comparisons were adjusted by Bonferroni correction. ns: p > 0.05. *p < = 0.05, **p < = 0.01, ***p < = 0.001, ****p < = 0.0001
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