Characterizing and Measuring Tuberculosis Stigma in the Community: A Mixed-Methods Study in Cambodia

Abstract

Background: Stigma is a significant barrier to healthcare and a factor that drives the global burden of tuberculosis (TB). However, there is a scarcity of information on TB stigma in developing countries. We aimed to characterize, measure, and explore the determinants of TB stigma among people with TB in Cambodia.

Methods: We conducted a mixed-methods study between February and August 2019 using a triangulation convergent design-a cross-sectional survey (n = 730) and nested in-depth interviews (n = 31) among people with TB. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and generalized linear regression models. Qualitative transcripts were thematically analyzed.

Results: A total of 56% and 51% of participants experienced self-stigma and perceived stigma by the community, respectively. We found rural dwellers, knowledge of how TB is transmitted, and knowledge that anybody can get TB were associated with higher levels of self-stigma and perceived stigma by the community. Higher scores on knowledge of TB symptoms were inversely associated with both self-stigma and community stigma. Thematic analyses revealed accounts of experienced stigma, acts of intentional distancing and hiding TB diagnosis from others, and feelings of embarrassment and shame.

Conclusions: Tuberculosis stigma was prevalent, suggesting a need for the incorporation of stigma-reduction strategies in the national TB responses. These strategies should be contextualized and developed through community engagement. Future research should continue to measure the levels and dimensions of TB stigma among people with TB through behavioral surveillance using standardized tools.

Keywords: community; discrimination; self-perceived; stigma; tuberculosis.

Figure 1.

Participants’ responses to self-stigma. The horizontal axis of the bar showed the percentages of respondents who strongly agreed, agreed, disagreed, and strongly disagreed with the statements used in the scale to measure self-stigma. AIDS, acquired immune deficiency syndrome; TB, tuberculosis.

Figure 2.

Participants’ responses to perceived stigma by the community. The horizontal axis of the bar showed the percentages of respondents who strongly agreed, agreed, disagreed, and strongly disagreed with the statements used in the scale to measure perceived stigma by the community. TB, tuberculosis.