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. 2020 Oct 29;9(11):905.
doi: 10.3390/pathogens9110905.

In-House Developed ELISA Indicates High Prevalence of Anti- Echinococcus granulosus IgG in Sheep Population-An Update from Pakistan

Mughees Aizaz Alvi  1 , John Asekhaen Ohiolei  1 , Li Li  1 , Muhammad Saqib  2 , Muhammad Hammad Hussain  3 , Muhammad Haleem Tayyab  2 , Muzafar Ghafoor  2 , Warda Qamar  4 , Noman Yousaf Faridi  5 , Anum Aizaz Alvi  6 , Bao-Quan Fu  1 , Hong-Bin Yan  1 , Wan-Zhong Jia  1
Affiliations

In-House Developed ELISA Indicates High Prevalence of Anti- Echinococcus granulosus IgG in Sheep Population-An Update from Pakistan

Mughees Aizaz Alvi et al. Pathogens. .

Abstract

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a World Health Organization (WHO)-listed neglected tropical farm economy jeopardizing and public health concern disease. This study was aimed at furnishing sero-epidemiological baseline data of CE in sheep in Pakistan, where data are non-existent. For this purpose, two sheep-rich provinces of Pakistan were selected, and 728 sheep sera were collected using probability proportional to size (PPS) statistical technique. Epidemiological information was recorded on a questionnaire for the estimation of potential risk factors. The serum samples were analyzed for IgG antibodies against Echinococcus granulosus using an in-house-developed EgAgB-based ELISA kit. The overall seroprevalence recorded was 21.98% (160/728) in the tested sheep, suggesting higher seropositivity in sheep from Punjab (23.73%) as compared to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) (19.04%). The overall apparent prevalence observed by this ELISA method was almost similar to the calculated true prevalence (21.77%). Prevalence was significantly different (p < 0.05) among sheep from different districts. Higher prevalence was found in females (22.54%, OR 1.41), age group > 5 years (29.66%, OR 1.64), crossbreeds (42.85%, OR 2.70), and sheep with pasture access (25.96%, OR 3.06). Being in age group > 5 years and having pasture access were the factors significantly associated with seropositivity (p < 0.05). This study provides serological evidence of E. granulosus infection in sheep and can be used as a model for ante-mortem screening of the sheep globally.

Keywords: ELISA; Echinococcus granulosus; Pakistan; epidemiology; risk factor; seroprevalence; sheep.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that there are no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The difference between percentage and Balker confidence interval observed for apparent prevalence and true prevalence.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Prevalence percentage of anti-Echinococcus granulosus IgG in study areas.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Map showing sheep sera sampling sites in Punjab and KPK provinces of Pakistan.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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