Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2020 Dec:294:113520.
doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113520. Epub 2020 Oct 22.

Mental Health Outcomes of the COVID-19 Pandemic and a Collapsing Economy: Perspectives from a Developing Country

Pascale Salameh  1 , Aline Hajj  2 , Danielle A Badro  3 , Carla Abou Selwan  4 , Randa Aoun  5 , Hala Sacre  6
Affiliations

Mental Health Outcomes of the COVID-19 Pandemic and a Collapsing Economy: Perspectives from a Developing Country

Pascale Salameh et al. Psychiatry Res. 2020 Dec.

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected physical and mental health worldwide, particularly vulnerable populations with lower social and economic status. This study explored the independent and combined effects of the COVID-19 and economy-related variables on stress and anxiety among Lebanese adults in a developing country facing a severe socio-economic crisis and political turmoil. A cross-sectional study was conducted online between May 10 and 20, 2020, using the snowball sampling technique. All individuals over 18 were eligible. The final sample included 502 respondents. Higher stress and anxiety were associated with younger age, female gender, previous higher socio-economic status, having a family member with a chronic disease, fear of not getting access to treatment, fear of COVID-19, and physical violence at home. However, financial wellness and higher family satisfaction were significantly associated with lower stress. The multivariate analysis showed a significant interaction between fear of COVID-19 and financial wellness on estimated marginal means of stress and anxiety. The combined presence of fear of the pandemic and financial hardship is associated with higher stress and anxiety, particularly among women and younger Lebanese adults with difficult home circumstances. Thus, healthcare professionals need to screen for mental health problems among subgroups presenting multiple risk factors.

Keywords: COVID-19; anxiety; fear of COVID-19; fear of poverty; financial well-being; stress.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

Figures

Fig. 1:
Fig. 1
Association between psychological distress (BDS-22) and anxiety (LAS-10) quartiles (Gamma = 0.657; P<0.001).
Fig. 2:
Fig. 2
Estimated marginal means of stress (BDS-22) and anxiety (LAS-10), through categories of Fear of COVID (FOC) and Financial Well-being (IFDFW). p<0.001 for linear increase per category.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Ahorsu D.K., Lin C.Y., Imani V., Saffari M., Griffiths M.D., Pakpour A.H. The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and Initial Validation. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2020:1–9. https://10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Akyazi S., Tabo A., Guveli H., Ilnem M.C., Oflaz S. Domestic Violence Victims in Shelters: What Do We Know About Their Mental Health? Community Ment Health J. 2018;54(3):361–369. https://10.1007/s10597-018-0240-1 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Arezki R., Mottaghi L., Barone A., Fan R.Y., Harb A.A., Karasapan O.M., Matsunaga H., Nguyen H., de Soyres F. Middle East and North Africa Economic Monitor. World Bank; Washington, DC: 2018. A New Economy in Middle East and North Africa. ©.
    1. Asmundson G.J.G., Taylor S. Coronaphobia: Fear and the 2019-nCoV outbreak. J Anxiety Disord. 2020;70 https://10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102196 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Barbour B., Saadeh N., Salameh P. Psychological distress in Lebanese young adults: constructing the screening tool ‘BDS-22.’. International Journal of Culture and Mental Health. 2012;5(2):94–108. https://10.1080/17542863.2011.563043 - DOI