Specific absorbed fractions for a revised series of the UF/NCI pediatric reference phantoms: internal electron sources

Abstract

In both the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) and Medical Internal Radiation Dose (MIRD) schemata of internal dosimetry, the S-value is defined as the absorbed dose to a target organ per nuclear decay of the radionuclide in a source organ. Its computation requires data on the energies and yields of all radiation emissions from radionuclide decay, the mass of the target organ, and the value of the absorbed fraction-the fraction of particle energy emitted in the source organ that is deposited in the target organ. The specific absorbed fraction (SAF) is given as the ratio of the absorbed fraction and the target mass. Historically, in the early development of both schemata, computational simplifications were made to the absorbed fraction in considering both organ self-dose ([Formula: see text]) and organ cross-dose ([Formula: see text]). In particular, the value of the absorbed fraction was set to unity for all 'non-penetrating' particle emissions (electrons and alpha particles) such that they contributed only to organ self-dose. As radiation transport codes for charged particles became more widely available, it became increasingly possible to abandon this distinction and to explicitly consider the transport of internally emitted electrons in a manner analogous to that for photons. In this present study, we report on an extensive series of electron SAFs computed in a revised series of the UF/NCI pediatric phantoms. A total of 28 electron energies-0-10 MeV-along a logarithmic energy grid are provided in electronic annexes, where 0 keV is associated with limiting values of the SAF. Electron SAFs were computed independently for collisional energy losses (SAF_CEL) and radiation energy losses (SAF_REL) to the target organ. A methodology was employed in which values of SAF_REL were compiled by first assembling organ-specific and electron energy-specific bremsstrahlung x-ray spectra, and then using these x-ray spectra to re-weight a previously established monoenergetic database of photon SAFs for all phantoms and source-target combinations. Age-dependent trends in the electron SAF were demonstrated for the majority of the source-target organ pairs, and were consistent to values given for the ICRP adult phantoms. In selected cases, however, anticipated age-dependent trends were not seen, and were attributed to anatomical differences in relative organ positioning at specific phantom ages. Both the electron SAFs of this study, and the photon SAFs from our companion study, are presently being used by ICRP Committee 2 in its upcoming pediatric extension to ICRP Publication 133.