Cervical cancer: a meta-analysis, therapy and future of nanomedicine

Abstract

Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of female death, with an annual mortality rate exceeding 200,000 in developing communities. Despite the past decade bearing witness to a reduction in cervical cancer cases throughout developed countries, the prevalence in developing countries continues to rapidly rise. The increase in cervical cancer cases is attributed to the lack of financial resources and the unavoidable risk factors of the disease. Traditional means of anticancer therapy are compromised by reduced drug potency, non-specificity, negative side effects and the development of multiple drug resistance (MDR), which leads to a decrease in the long-term anticancer therapeutic efficacy. Recent advances in nanomedicine have elucidated the potential of nanoparticles to reduce the side effects and improve the survival rate of patients, by enhancing selective delivery and uptake of photosensitive, therapeutic and genetic material to cervical cancer cells, thereby enhancing antitumour efficiency. This review paper analyses the risk factors and epidemiology of cervical cancer globally, especially in developing communities, whilst demonstrating the enhanced anticancer treatment using selected nanoparticles.

Keywords: cervical cancer; nanomedicine; nanotechnology; risk factors; therapeutics.

Figure 1.. Global mortality and incidence rate of cervical cancer (per 100,000 individuals) [, –38].

Figure 2.. The influence of venereal diseases, HPV and HIV infections on cervical cancer development [5, 35, 47, 48, 52].

Figure 3:. Targeted intrinsic and extrinsic pathways for cervical cancer treatment [11, 85, 87].