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. 2021 Aug;23(8):692-699.
doi: 10.1177/1098612X20969358. Epub 2020 Nov 4.

Plasma and urinary F2-isoprostane markers of oxidative stress are increased in cats with early (stage 1) chronic kidney disease

Martin Granick  1 , Allison S Leuin  1 , Lauren A Trepanier  1
Affiliations

Plasma and urinary F2-isoprostane markers of oxidative stress are increased in cats with early (stage 1) chronic kidney disease

Martin Granick et al. J Feline Med Surg. 2021 Aug.

Abstract

Objectives: Oxidative stress contributes to chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression in humans and rodent models; F2-isoprostanes (F2-IsoPs) are established biomarkers of oxidative stress. Our primary aim was to evaluate plasma F2-IsoPs in cats with International Renal Interest Society stage 1 and 2 CKD, compared with healthy cats, and to determine whether plasma and urinary F2-IsoPs are equivalent biomarkers. The secondary aim was to assess whether consumption of a renal diet enriched in omega-3 fatty acids led to improvements in plasma and urinary F2-IsoPs.

Methods: Plasma and urinary F2-IsoPs were measured in 24 cats with stage 1 or 2 CKD, and 12 unaffected controls aged ⩾6 years. Twelve CKD cats were re-evaluated after feeding a commercial renal diet for at least 4 weeks.

Results: Median plasma F2-IsoPs were significantly higher in stage 1 CKD (96.2 pg/ml), early stage 2 CKD (83.2 pg/ml) and late stage 2 CKD (80.8 pg/ml) compared with healthy cats (22.8 pg/ml; P = 0.03-0.002). Median urinary F2-IsoPs were significantly higher in cats with stage 1 CKD (231.2 pg/mg) compared with healthy cats (152.5 pg/mg) or cats with late stage 2 CKD (124.8 pg/mg; P = 0.01). Plasma F2-IsoPs remained increased, while urinary F2-IsoPs fell with transition from stage 1 to stage 2 CKD. Feeding a commercial renal diet led to significant decreases in plasma F2-IsoPs in the small group of cats with stage 1 CKD (25-75% decrease) compared with cats with stage 2 CKD (20% decrease to 53% increase; P = 0.01).

Conclusions and relevance: Oxidative stress is prominent in cats with stage 1 CKD. Plasma and urinary F2-IsoPs are not interchangeable biomarkers in cats with stage 2 CKD. Placebo-controlled studies are indicated to evaluate dietary or pharmacologic doses of omega-3 fatty acids on redox stress and progression of renal dysfunction in cats with stage 1 CKD.

Keywords: Renal failure; antioxidants; oxidative stress; redox.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Plasma total 8-isoprostanes measured in healthy cats and cats with International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) stage 1–2 chronic kidney disease (CKD). For the purposes of this study, IRIS stage 2 CKD was divided into early stage 2 (CKD2A: creatinine 1.6–2.1 mg/dl) and late stage 2 (CKD2B: creatinine 2.2–2.8 mg/dl). Horizontal lines indicate group medians, and brackets indicate significant P values between groups
Figure 2
Figure 2
Urinary free 8-isoprostanes (normalized to urine creatinine) in healthy cats and cats with International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) stage 1 and 2 chronic kidney disease (CKD). IRIS stage 2 CKD was divided into early stage 2 (CKD2A: creatinine 1.6–2.1 mg/dl) and late stage 2 (CKD2B: creatinine 2.2–2.8 mg/dl) for these analyses. Horizontal lines indicate group medians, and brackets indicate significant P values between groups. (a) Data in 24 cats with CKD and 12 unaffected controls from the current study. (b) Data from the current study combined with our previous urinary data from a distinct population of cats analyzed using the same methods
Figure 3
Figure 3
Lack of correlation between urine and plasma 8-isoprostanes across 12 healthy cats and 24 cats with International Renal Interest Society stage 1 and 2 chronic kidney disease. r = 0.02, P = 0.91
Figure 4
Figure 4
Changes in (a,b) plasma F2-IsoPs and (c,d) urinary F2-isoprostanes (F2-IsoPs) in cats with stage 1 or 2 chronic kidney disease (CKD) fed a renal diet for 4–8 weeks
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