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Meta-Analysis
. 2020 Nov 4;15(11):e0237102.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237102. eCollection 2020.

The association between the lack of safe drinking water and sanitation facilities with intestinal Entamoeba spp infection risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Hamid Atabati  1 , Hamid Kassiri  2 , Ehsan Shamloo  3 , Mitra Akbari  4 , Ali Atamaleki  5 , Fatemeh Sahlabadi  5 , Nguyen Thi Thuy Linh  6   7 , Ali Rostami  8 , Yadolah Fakhri  9 , Amin Mousavi Khaneghah  10
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

The association between the lack of safe drinking water and sanitation facilities with intestinal Entamoeba spp infection risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Hamid Atabati et al. PLoS One. .

Abstract

Intestinal protozoa infections are responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality, especially where the exposed population suffers from a lack of drinking water and sanitation facilities. In this study, the association between the lack of safe drinking water and sanitation (toilet) facilities with intestinal Entamoeba spp infection in the children (5-11 years), adult (18-55 years), and all age (5-55 years) were assessed. For this purpose, some of the international databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase were screened to up to 7 June 2019 in order to retrieve the related citations. Also, the pooled odds ratios (ORs) following 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model. Twenty-nine articles with 36 studies were included while the OR extracted or calculated by using 2 × 2 contingency tables. However, the ingestion of contaminated water insignificantly can increase the odds ratio (OR) of Entamoeba spp infection (OR 1.01, (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.58 to 1.43), no access to sanitation (toilet) facilities significantly can increase odds of Entamoeba spp infection (OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.32). The meta-regression analysis showed that over time, odds of intestinal Entamoeba spp infection increased in both lack of safe drinking water (Coefficient: 3.24, P-value < 0.01) and sanitation (toilet) facilities (Coefficient: 2.36, P-value < 0.05) subgroups. Considering the findings, lack of safe drinking water resulted in a further increase in intestinal Entamoeba spp infection among adult (OR: 2.76), children (OR = 0.57) and all age groups (OR: 1.50), and also lack of sanitation (toilet) facilities resulted in further increase intestinal Entamoeba spp infection in children (OR: 1.06), adult (OR: 1.26) and all age (OR: 1.16). In this context, the lack of safe drinking water and sanitation facilities (toilet) was associated with a high risk of intestinal Entamoeba spp infection. Further attempts to providing public health facilities can control the prevalence of intestinal Entamoeba spp.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1. Schematic protocol for the selection and extraction of relevant studies.
Fig 2
Fig 2. Meta-analysis of the association intestinal Entamoeba spp infection with lack safe drinking water.
ES is Effect size.
Fig 3
Fig 3. Meta-analysis of the association intestinal Entamoeba spp infection with lack sanitation facilities (toilet).
ES is Effect size.
Fig 4
Fig 4. Meta-regression regarding the association of intestinal Entamoeba spp infection with year of publication study in the lack of safe drinking water (A) and lack sanitation (toilet) facilities (B) subgroups.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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