Psychological consequences of COVID-19 home confinement: The ECLB-COVID19 multicenter study

Achraf Ammar^{1

2}, Patrick Mueller^{3

4}, Khaled Trabelsi^{5

6}, Hamdi Chtourou^{5

7}, Omar Boukhris^{5

7}, Liwa Masmoudi⁵, Bassem Bouaziz⁸, Michael Brach⁹, Marlen Schmicker³, Ellen Bentlage⁹, Daniella How⁹, Mona Ahmed⁹, Asma Aloui^{7

10}, Omar Hammouda^{5

11}, Laisa Liane Paineiras-Domingos^{12

13}, Annemarie Braakman-Jansen¹⁴, Christian Wrede¹⁴, Sophia Bastoni^{14

15}, Carlos Soares Pernambuco¹⁶, Leonardo Jose Mataruna-Dos-Santos¹⁷, Morteza Taheri¹⁸, Khadijeh Irandoust¹⁸, Aïmen Khacharem¹⁹, Nicola L Bragazzi^{20

21}, Jad Adrian Washif²², Jordan M Glenn²³, Nicholas T Bott²⁴, Faiez Gargouri⁸, Lotfi Chaari²⁵, Hadj Batatia²⁵, Samira C Khoshnami²⁶, Evangelia Samara²⁷, Vasiliki Zisi²⁸, Parasanth Sankar²⁹, Waseem N Ahmed³⁰, Gamal Mohamed Ali³¹, Osama Abdelkarim^{31

32}, Mohamed Jarraya⁵, Kais El Abed⁵, Mohamed Romdhani⁷, Nizar Souissi⁷, Lisette Van Gemert-Pijnen¹⁴, Stephen J Bailey³³, Wassim Moalla⁵, Jonathan Gómez-Raja³⁴, Monique Epstein³⁵, Robbert Sanderman³⁶, Sebastian Schulz³⁷, Achim Jerg³⁷, Ramzi Al-Horani³⁸, Taysir Mansi³⁹, Mohamed Jmail⁴⁰, Fernando Barbosa⁴¹, Fernando Ferreira-Santos⁴¹, Boštjan Šimunič⁴², Rado Pišot⁴², Andrea Gaggioli^{43

44}, Piotr Zmijewski⁴⁵, Jürgen M Steinacker³⁷, Jana Strahler⁴⁶, Laurel Riemann⁴⁷, Bryan L Riemann⁴⁸, Notger Mueller^{3

4}, Karim Chamari^{49

50}, Tarak Driss², Anita Hoekelmann¹; ECLB-COVID19 Consortium

Affiliations

¹ Institute of Sport Science, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
² Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning, UFR STAPS, UPL, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France.
³ Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany.
⁴ Medical Faculty, Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
⁵ High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.
⁶ Research Laboratory: Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, EM2S, LR19JS01, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.
⁷ Physical Activity, Sport, and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia.
⁸ Higher Institute of Computer Science and Multimedia of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.
⁹ Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
¹⁰ High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Gafsa, Gafsa, Tunisia.
¹¹ Research Laboratory, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR12ES17, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.
¹² Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
¹³ Faculdade Bezerra de Araújo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
¹⁴ Department of Psychology, Health & Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
¹⁵ Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy.
¹⁶ Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
¹⁷ Faculty of Management, Sport Management Department, Canadian University of Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
¹⁸ Faculty of Social Science, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran.
¹⁹ UVHC, DeVisu, Valenciennes; LIRTES-EA 7313. Université Paris Est Créteil Val de Marne, Créteil, France.
²⁰ Department of Health Sciences, Postgraduate School of Public Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
²¹ Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
²² Sports Performance Division, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
²³ Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America.
²⁴ Clinical Excellence Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America.
²⁵ Computer Science Department, University of Toulouse, IRIT-INP-ENSEEIHT, Toulouse, France.
²⁶ UFR STAPS, UPL, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France.
²⁷ Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece.
²⁸ Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece.
²⁹ Consultant in Internal Medicine and Diabetes, MGM Muthoot Hospitals Pathanamthitta, Pathanamthitta, Kerala, India.
³⁰ Consultant Family Physician, CRAFT Hospital and Research Centre, Kodungallur, Kerala, India.
³¹ Faculty of Physical Education, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
³² Institute for Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Karlsruher, Germany.
³³ School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.
³⁴ FundeSalud, Dept. of Health and Social Services, Government of Extremadura, Merida, Spain.
³⁵ The E-Senior Association, Paris, France.
³⁶ Department of Health Psychology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
³⁷ Sports- and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany.
³⁸ Department of Exercise Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan.
³⁹ Faculty of Physical Education, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
⁴⁰ Digital Research Centre of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.
⁴¹ Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
⁴² Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Centre Koper, Koper, Slovenia.
⁴³ Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy.
⁴⁴ I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.
⁴⁵ Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
⁴⁶ Department of Psychology and Sport Science, University of Gießen, Gießen, Germany.
⁴⁷ PharmD, BCBS; PharmIAD, Inc, Savannah, GA, United States of America.
⁴⁸ Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, United States of America.
⁴⁹ ASPETAR, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.
⁵⁰ Laboratory ''Sport Performance Optimization'', ISSEP Ksar-Said, Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia.

PMID: 33152030
PMCID: PMC7643949
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240204

Multicenter Study

Psychological consequences of COVID-19 home confinement: The ECLB-COVID19 multicenter study

Achraf Ammar et al. PLoS One. 2020.

. 2020 Nov 5;15(11):e0240204.

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240204. eCollection 2020.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Institute of Sport Science, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
² Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning, UFR STAPS, UPL, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France.
³ Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany.
⁴ Medical Faculty, Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
⁵ High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.
⁶ Research Laboratory: Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, EM2S, LR19JS01, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.
⁷ Physical Activity, Sport, and Health, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis, Tunisia.
⁸ Higher Institute of Computer Science and Multimedia of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.
⁹ Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
¹⁰ High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Gafsa, Gafsa, Tunisia.
¹¹ Research Laboratory, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR12ES17, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.
¹² Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
¹³ Faculdade Bezerra de Araújo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
¹⁴ Department of Psychology, Health & Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
¹⁵ Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy.
¹⁶ Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
¹⁷ Faculty of Management, Sport Management Department, Canadian University of Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
¹⁸ Faculty of Social Science, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran.
¹⁹ UVHC, DeVisu, Valenciennes; LIRTES-EA 7313. Université Paris Est Créteil Val de Marne, Créteil, France.
²⁰ Department of Health Sciences, Postgraduate School of Public Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
²¹ Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
²² Sports Performance Division, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
²³ Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America.
²⁴ Clinical Excellence Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America.
²⁵ Computer Science Department, University of Toulouse, IRIT-INP-ENSEEIHT, Toulouse, France.
²⁶ UFR STAPS, UPL, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France.
²⁷ Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece.
²⁸ Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece.
²⁹ Consultant in Internal Medicine and Diabetes, MGM Muthoot Hospitals Pathanamthitta, Pathanamthitta, Kerala, India.
³⁰ Consultant Family Physician, CRAFT Hospital and Research Centre, Kodungallur, Kerala, India.
³¹ Faculty of Physical Education, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
³² Institute for Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Karlsruher, Germany.
³³ School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.
³⁴ FundeSalud, Dept. of Health and Social Services, Government of Extremadura, Merida, Spain.
³⁵ The E-Senior Association, Paris, France.
³⁶ Department of Health Psychology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
³⁷ Sports- and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany.
³⁸ Department of Exercise Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan.
³⁹ Faculty of Physical Education, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
⁴⁰ Digital Research Centre of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.
⁴¹ Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
⁴² Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Centre Koper, Koper, Slovenia.
⁴³ Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy.
⁴⁴ I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.
⁴⁵ Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
⁴⁶ Department of Psychology and Sport Science, University of Gießen, Gießen, Germany.
⁴⁷ PharmD, BCBS; PharmIAD, Inc, Savannah, GA, United States of America.
⁴⁸ Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, United States of America.
⁴⁹ ASPETAR, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.
⁵⁰ Laboratory ''Sport Performance Optimization'', ISSEP Ksar-Said, Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia.

PMID: 33152030
PMCID: PMC7643949
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240204

Abstract

Background: Public health recommendations and government measures during the COVID-19 pandemic have enforced restrictions on daily-living. While these measures are imperative to abate the spreading of COVID-19, the impact of these restrictions on mental health and emotional wellbeing is undefined. Therefore, an international online survey (ECLB-COVID19) was launched on April 6, 2020 in seven languages to elucidate the impact of COVID-19 restrictions on mental health and emotional wellbeing.

Methods: The ECLB-COVID19 electronic survey was designed by a steering group of multidisciplinary scientists, following a structured review of the literature. The survey was uploaded and shared on the Google online-survey-platform and was promoted by thirty-five research organizations from Europe, North-Africa, Western-Asia and the Americas. All participants were asked for their mental wellbeing (SWEMWS) and depressive symptoms (SMFQ) with regard to "during" and "before" home confinement.

Results: Analysis was conducted on the first 1047 replies (54% women) from Asia (36%), Africa (40%), Europe (21%) and other (3%). The COVID-19 home confinement had a negative effect on both mental-wellbeing and on mood and feelings. Specifically, a significant decrease (p < .001 and Δ% = 9.4%) in total score of the SWEMWS questionnaire was noted. More individuals (+12.89%) reported a low mental wellbeing "during" compared to "before" home confinement. Furthermore, results from the mood and feelings questionnaire showed a significant increase by 44.9% (p < .001) in SMFQ total score with more people (+10%) showing depressive symptoms "during" compared to "before" home confinement.

Conclusion: The ECLB-COVID19 survey revealed an increased psychosocial strain triggered by the home confinement. To mitigate this high risk of mental disorders and to foster an Active and Healthy Confinement Lifestyle (AHCL), a crisis-oriented interdisciplinary intervention is urgently needed.

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Conflict of interest statement

All authors have completed the Unified Competing Interest form (available on request from the corresponding author). Authors except Laura Riemann declare: no support from any organisation for the submitted work; no financial relationships with any organisations that might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous three years, no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work. Laura Riemann declare to have a commercial affiliation “PharmIAD, Inc, Savannah, GA, USA”. This funder provided support in the form of salaries for Laurel Riemann, but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific roles of this author are articulated in the ‘author contributions’ section. This commercial affiliation does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

References

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Psychological consequences of COVID-19 home confinement: The ECLB-COVID19 multicenter study

Affiliations

Psychological consequences of COVID-19 home confinement: The ECLB-COVID19 multicenter study

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

References

Publication types

MeSH terms

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Medical

Miscellaneous