Electrochemical investigations for COVID-19 detection-A comparison with other viral detection methods

Abstract

Virus-induced infection such as SARS-CoV-2 is a serious threat to human health and the economic setback of the world. Continued advances in the development of technologies are required before the viruses undergo mutation. The low concentration of viruses in environmental samples makes the detection extremely challenging; simple, accurate and rapid detection methods are in urgent need. Of all the analytical techniques, electrochemical methods have the established capabilities to address the issues. Particularly, the integration of nanotechnology would allow miniature devices to be made available at the point-of-care. This review outlines the capabilities of electrochemical methods in conjunction with nanotechnology for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. Future directions and challenges of the electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection are covered including wearable and conformal biosensors, detection of plant pathogens, multiplexed detection, and reusable biosensors for on-site monitoring, thereby providing low-cost and disposable biosensors.

Keywords: AIV H5N1, Avian influenza; AIV, Avian influenza virus; ASFV, African swine fever virus; BVDV, Bovine viral diarrhea virus; CGV, Chikungunya viruses; CMV, Cucumber mosaic virus; COVID-19; CSFV, Classic swine fever virus; CV, Cyclic voltammetry; DAstV-1, Duck astrovirus 1; DAstV-2, Duck astrovirus 2; DENV, Dengue virus; DEV, Duck enteritis virus; DHAV-1, Duck hepatitis A virus 1; DHAV-3, Duck hepatitis A virus 3; DPV, Differential pulse voltammetry; DRV-1, Duck reovirus 1; DRV-2, Duck reovirus 2; Detection; EBV, Epstein-Barr virus; EIS, Electric impedance spectroscopy; EPC, External positive controls; EV, Human enterovirus; EV71, Human enterovirus 71; Electrochemical sensor; FMI SMOF, Fluorescence molecularly imprinted sensor based on a metal–organic framework; GCE, Glassy carbon electrode; GCFaV-1, Ginger chlorotic fleck associated virus 1; GCFaV-2, Ginger chlorotic fleck-associated virus 2; GEV VN-96, Gastroenteritis virus VN-96; GPV, Goose parvovirus; HHV, Human herpes virus 6; HIAV, Human influenza A viruses; HPB19, Human parvovirus B19; HSV, Herpes simplex; IAV, influenza A virus; IEA, Interdigitated electrode array; IMA, Interdigitated microelectrode array; INAA, Isothermal nucleic acid amplification-based; JEV, Japanese encephalitis virus; LAMP, Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification; LSV, Linear sweep voltammetry; MERS, Middle East respiratory syndrome; MIEC, Molecularly imprinted electrochemiluminescence; MNV, Murine norovirus; MeV, Measles virus; NNV, Nervous necrosis virus; Nanotechnology; PBoV, Porcine bocavirus; PCNAME, Pt-coated nanostructured alumina membrane electrode; PCR; PCRLFS, Polymerase Chain Reaction with a lateral flow strip with a lateral flow strip; PCV, Porcine circovirus 3; PEDV, Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus; PRRSV, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus; PSV, Pseudorabies virus; RCA, Rolling circle amplification; RGO, Reduced graphene oxide; RT-LAMP-VF, RT-LAMP and a vertical flow visualization strip; RV, Rubella virus; SARS, Severe acute respiratory syndrome; SIVH1N1, Swine influenza virus; SWV, Square wave voltammetry; TGEV, transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus; TMUV, Tembusu virus; USEGFET, Ultra-sensitive electrolyte-gated field-effect transistor; VZV, Varicella-zoster virus; VZV, varicella-Zoster virus; Viruses; ZV, Zika virus.

Graphical abstract

Fig. 1

Structure of SARS-CoV-2.

Fig. 2

Components for loop mediated isothermal amplification.

Fig. 3

Schematic presentation of loop mediated isothermal amplification process.

Fig. 3

Schematic presentation of loop mediated isothermal amplification process.

Fig. 4

Description of Table1, number of articles reviewed based on different viruses, methods and the year.

Fig. 5

Most commonly used carbon materials for sensor application.

Fig. 6

A schematic representation of the fabrication of chemiresistor used for the detection of dengue virus (from Ref. 127).

Fig. 7

Schematic representation of the preparation of GO-polymer on gold electrode for DENV detection (from Ref. 128).

Fig. 8

(A) Schematic illustration to display the synthesis route of TrGO using Shellac biopolymer; (B) Schematics of the proposed thermally-decomposed reduced graphene oxide (from Ref. 129).

Fig. 9

Nano based material for sensor application.

Fig. 10

Schematic image of the fabricated AIV detection biosensor. (From Ref. 179).