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Randomized Controlled Trial
. 2021 Feb 1;59(2):e9-e15.
doi: 10.1097/MLR.0000000000001441.

Identifying Relative Changes in Social Risk Factors: An Analytic Approach

Stanley Xu  1 , Glenn K Goodrich  2 , Kelly R Moore  3 , Spero M Manson  3 , Laura M Gottlieb  4 , Danielle Hessler  4 , Emily B Schroeder  5 , John F Steiner  2
Affiliations
Randomized Controlled Trial

Identifying Relative Changes in Social Risk Factors: An Analytic Approach

Stanley Xu et al. Med Care. .

Abstract

Background: Individuals often report concurrent social risk factors such as food insecurity, unstable housing, and transportation barriers. Comparing relative changes between pairs of social risk factors may identify those that are more resistant to change.

Objective: The objective of this study was to develop a method to describe relative changes in pairs of social risk factors.

Research design: This was a prospective cohort study.

Subjects: Participants in a randomized controlled trial of hypertension care in an Urban Indian Health Organization.

Measures: We measured 7 social risk factors (housing, transportation, food, clothing, health care, utilities, and debts) at enrollment, 6, and 12 months among 295 participants in the trial. We hypothesized that pairwise comparisons could identify social risk factors that were less likely to change over time. We used conditional odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to rank each pair.

Results: Food, clothing, health care, utilities, and debts had more changes between 0 and 6 months relative to housing (OR=2.3, 3.4, 4.7, 3.5, and 3.4, respectively; all 95% CI excluded 1.0). These same social risk factors also had more changes between baseline and 6 months relative to transportation (OR=2.8, 3.4, 4.9, 4.7, and 4.1, respectively; all 95% CI excluded 1.0). Changes in housing and transportation risk factors were comparable (OR=0.7, 95% CI: 0.4-1.4). Relative changes between 6 and 12 months were similar.

Conclusions: Housing and transportation exhibited fewer relative changes than other social risk factors and might be more resistant to change. Awareness of the relationships between social risk factors can help define priorities for intervention.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1:
FIGURE 1:
Possible changes and calculation of relative changes between 2 social risk factors. The 2 social risk factors are denoted as Risk Factor A and Risk Factor B. Absence of a need is denoted as 0, the presence of a need is denoted as 1. Transitions between first and second time points are denoted as 0→0, etc. OR indicates odds ratio.
FIGURE 2:
FIGURE 2:
Relative changes in 7 social risk factors between baseline and 6 months. Changes between 6 and 12 months are not shown but were similar. The absence of a need is denoted as 0, the presence of a need is denoted as 1. Transitions between first and second time points are denoted as 0→0, etc.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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