Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2020 Nov 10;21(1):467.
doi: 10.1186/s12882-020-02126-8.

Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and risk factors in North-Central Nigeria: a population-based survey

Timothy Olusegun Olanrewaju  1   2 , Ademola Aderibigbe  3 , Ademola Alabi Popoola  4 , Kolawole Thomas Braimoh  5 , Mikhail Olayinka Buhari  6 , Olanrewaju Timothy Adedoyin  7 , Sulyman Alege Kuranga  4 , Sikiru Abayomi Biliaminu  8 , Adindu Chijioke  9 , Abdulwahab Akanbi Ajape  4 , Diederick E Grobbee  10 , Peter J Blankestijn  11 , Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch  10 ; Ilorin Renal Study Group
Affiliations

Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and risk factors in North-Central Nigeria: a population-based survey

Timothy Olusegun Olanrewaju et al. BMC Nephrol. .

Abstract

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a growing challenge in low- and middle-income countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. There is insufficient population-based data on CKD in Nigeria that is required to estimate its true burden, and to design prevention and management strategies. The study aims to determine the prevalence of CKD and its risk factors in Nigeria.

Methods: We studied 8 urban communities in Kwara State, North-Central zone of Nigeria. Blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, urinalysis, weight, height, waist circumference and hip circumference were obtained. Albuminuria and kidney length were measured by ultrasound while estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was derived from serum creatinine, using chronic disease epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation. Associations of risk factors with CKD were determined by multivariate logistic regression and expressed as adjusted odds ratio (aOR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals.

Results: One thousand three hundred and fifty-three adults ≥18 years (44% males) with mean age of 44.3 ± 14.4 years, were screened. Mean kidney lengths were: right, 93.5 ± 7.0 cm and left, 93.4 ± 7.5 cm. The age-adjusted prevalence of hypertension was 24%; diabetes 4%; obesity 8.7%; albuminuria of > 30 mg/L 7%; and dipstick proteinuria 13%. The age-adjusted prevalence of CKD by estimated GFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m2 and/or Proteinuria was 12%. Diabetes (aOR 6.41, 95%CI = 3.50-11.73, P = 0.001), obesity (aOR 1.50, 95%CI = 1.10-2.05, P = 0.011), proteinuria (aOR 2.07, 95%CI = 1.05-4.08, P = 0.035); female sex (aOR 1.67, 95%CI = 1.47-1.89, P = 0.001); and age (aOR 1.89, 95%CI = 1.13-3.17, P = 0.015) were the identified predictors of CKD.

Conclusions: CKD and its risk factors are prevalent among middle-aged urban populations in North-Central Nigeria. It is common among women, fueled by diabetes, ageing, obesity, and albuminuria. These data add to existing regional studies of burden of CKD that may serve as template for a national prevention framework for CKD in Nigeria. One of the limitations of the study is that the participants were voluntary community dwellers and as such not representative for the community. The sample may thus have been subjected to selection bias possibly resulting in overestimation of CKD risk factors.

Keywords: Chronic kidney disease; Diabetes; Hypertension; Nigeria; Obesity; Risk factors; Sub-Saharan Africa.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

References

    1. Jager KJ, Fraser SDS. The ascending rank of chronic kidney disease in the global burden of disease study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2017;32(Suppl 2):ii121–ii128. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfw330. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Mills KT, Xu Y, Zhang W, Bundy JD, Chen CS, Kelly TN, et al. A systematic analysis of worldwide population-based data on the global burden of chronic kidney disease in 2010. Kidney Int. 2015;88(5):950–957. doi: 10.1038/ki.2015.230. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Stanifer JW, Jing B, Tolan S, Helmke N, Mukerjee R, Naicker S, et al. The epidemiology of chronic kidney disease in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2014;2(3):e174–ee81. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70002-6. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Abd ElHafeez S, Bolignano D, D’Arrigo G, Dounousi E, Tripepi G, Zoccali C. Prevalence and burden of chronic kidney disease among the general population and high-risk groups in Africa: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2018;8(1):e015069. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015069. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Chukwuonye II, Ogah OS, Anyabolu EN, Ohagwu KA, Nwabuko OC, Onwuchekwa U, et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Nigeria: systematic review of population-based studies. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2018;11:165–172. doi: 10.2147/IJNRD.S162230. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types