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. 2020 Nov 10;20(1):1078.
doi: 10.1186/s12885-020-07583-w.

Factors associated with breast cancer awareness and breast self-examination in Fiji and Kashmir India - a cross-sectional study

Rukaiya Malik  1 , Numa Vera  2 , Chandra Dayal  3 , Abhay Choudhari  4 , Jyotishna Mudaliar  5 , Amanda Noovao Hill  4 , Ilisapeci Kubuabola  6 , Ronny Gunnarsson  7   8
Affiliations

Factors associated with breast cancer awareness and breast self-examination in Fiji and Kashmir India - a cross-sectional study

Rukaiya Malik et al. BMC Cancer. .

Abstract

Background: In low-income countries breast cancer awareness (BCA) is essential to reduce the proportion of advanced stage presentations of breast cancer. There is a lack of studies using multivariable techniques to explore factors related to BCA in low-income countries. The objective of this study was to identify to what extent women in Fiji and Kashmir, India have BCA and practice breast self-examination (BSE) as well as factors associated with BCA and BSE.

Methods: A survey of women aged ≥18 years was conducted in Fiji and Kashmir, India to assess BCA and rates of BSE. Comparison between Fiji and Kashmir was done using student's t-test for continuous data and chi-square for binary data. Factors associated with BCA and BSE were analysed using a multivariable logistic regression for Fiji and Kashmir separately.

Results: Data were collected from 399 and 1982 women in Kashmir and Fiji, respectively. Of 1968 women in Fiji 57% were deemed to have an acceptable BCA compared to only 7.3% of 395 women in Kashmir. Having some education was associated with having BCA with an odds ratio of 4.7 (1.7-13) in Fiji and 10 (1.7-59) in Kashmir. Of 1976 women in Fiji 40% had tertiary education while 40% of 392 women in Kashmir had no education at all. The marital status was similar in both samples (n = 1973 and 395) with 68-69% being married and 21-26% being single. The lack of female doctors or nurses with whom to discuss issues, was perceived as a problem in both countries.

Conclusions: The key finding is an association between having any level of education and BCA. This correlation was much stronger than for a family history of breast cancer and BCA. Hence, general education to illiterate women may reduce the proportion of women in low-income countries presenting with advanced-stage breast cancer.

Keywords: Breast awareness; Breast cancer; Breast cancer awareness; Breast self-examination; Education.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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