Analysis of initial laboratory diagnosis of malaria and its accuracy compared with re-testing from 2013 to 2018 in Yunnan Province, China

Abstract

Background: According to China's Malaria Eradication Action Plan, malaria cases diagnosed and reported by health authorities at the county level must be further re-confirmed by provincial laboratories. The Yunnan Province Malaria Diagnostic Reference Laboratory (YPMDRL) began the synchronous implementation of microscopic examinations and nested polymerase chain reaction (nested-PCR) testing to re-test the malaria cases initially diagnosed by county-level laboratories and to evaluate the consistency of Plasmodium species identified between by YPMDRL and by the county-level laboratories from 2013 to 2018 in Yunnan Province.

Methods: Data on malaria initial diagnosis completed by county-level laboratories in Yunnan Province were collected weekly from the "China Disease Prevention and Control Information System" from 2013 to 2018. The YPMDRL performed Plasmodium microscopic examination and 18S rRNA gene nested-PCR testing on every malaria case managed by the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System. The re-testing detection results were fed back to the initial diagnosis and reporting unit for revision of malaria case types.

Results: A total of 2,869 malaria cases were diagnosed and reported by county-level laboratories in Yunnan Province from 2013 to 2018. The re-testing rate was 95.6% (2,742/2,869), and the re-testing rate increased from 2013 to 2018. Among the re-tested 2,742 cases, 96.7% (2651/2742), 2.2% (59/2742), and 1.1% (32/2742) were doubly examined by microscopy and by nested-PCR, only by microscopy, and only by nested-PCR, respectively. The total Plasmodium species accuracy rate at county-level laboratories was 92.6% (2,543/2,742) reference to the diagnosis by YPMDRL. Among the inconsistent 199 cases, they were identified as including 103 negative cases, 45 falciparum malaria cases, 30 vivax malaria cases, 11 ovale malaria cases, and 10 malariae malaria cases by YPMDRL. From 2013 to 2018, the revised and registered malaria cases by the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System in Yunnan Province was 2,747 cases, including 2,305 vivax malaria cases, 421 falciparum malaria cases, 11 ovale malaria cases, and 10 malariae malaria cases.

Conclusions: The double re-testing strategy by microscopy and by gene testing increases the accuracy of diagnoses malaria in Yunnan Province, and gene testing can reliably differentiate Plasmodium species. The re-testing results provided by YPMDRL are the authoritative basis for revising malaria kind in Yunnan Province.

Keywords: Accuracy; Diagnosis; Malaria cases; Re-testing; Yunnan province.

Fig. 1

Region (a) and time (b) distribution of initial diagnosed malaria cases in Yunnan Province from 2013 to 2018. (1) a: Red from dark to light indicates the number of malaria cases found during study period from more to less, including Dehong(DH), Baoshan (BS), Kuming (KM), Lijiang (LJ), Pu’er (PE), Dali (DL), Xishuangbanna (XS), Nujiang (NJ), Weishan (WS), Honghe (HH), Zhaotong(ZT), Qujing (QJ), Licang (LC), Yuxi (YX), Chuxiong(CX), and Diqing(DQ) 16 prefectures in Yunnan Province.(2) b: The time distribution of malaria cases coming from every prefectures

Fig. 2

Management and revision flow chart of the re-testing results from YPMDR