Stigma of persons with disabilities in South Africa: Uncovering pathways from discrimination to depression and low self-esteem

Abstract

Despite the fact that universal inclusion is a basic principle of the Sustainable Development Goals, the inclusion of persons with disabilities in humanitarian interventions and development policies remains elusive. Persons with disabilities face high risks of poverty, poor nutrition, limited inclusion in labor markets and poor mental health as a result. Stigma is likely to play a negative role in this regard and yet, no study has investigated the impact of stigma on depression and self-esteem of persons with disabilities. To address this gap in the literature, we conducted in June 2017 a random sample disability case control household study in Soweto, a township in Johannesburg, South Africa. Using propensity score analysis and structural equation modeling, we investigated the relationship between disability, stigma, depression and self-esteem controlling for socioeconomic covariates. Our main empirical results showed that stigma significantly mediates the association between disability and higher depression on the one hand and between disability and lower self-esteem on the other. This mediating effect exists even after controlling for age, gender, marital status, education, employment and wealth. We also found strong direct associations between disability and depressive mood, somatic indicators and negative feelings such as unhappiness and low self-esteem. Unemployment aggravates depression and low self-esteem while low education worsens self-esteem only. In addition, depression exacerbates low self-esteem. Both unemployment and low education are more common among persons with disabilities aggravating the disability, depression, poor self-esteem nexus. Similarly, persons with disabilities who are more likely to be depressed are also at higher risk of low self-esteem. These results point to a vicious reinforcing circle of exclusion from society, despair and self-deprecation, which could prove difficult to break. Substantial psycho-social support and anti-stigma policies anchored in local cultural values, engaging persons with disabilities and their communities, are required to break this vicious circle.

Keywords: Depression; Disability; Middle income country; Propensity score matching; Self-esteem; South Africa; Soweto; Stigma; Structural equation modelling.

Fig. 1

Household case control study sampling stages.

Fig. 2

Balance results of the propensity-score matching for the sample for Model 1: Disability on Stigma, Model 2: Disability on Depression and Model 3: Disability on Self-esteem, Model 4. Stigma on Depression and Model 5. Stigma on Self-esteem.

Fig. 3

Balance results of the propensity-score matching for the sample for Model 4. Stigma on Depression and Model 5. Stigma on Self-esteem.

Fig. 4

Path diagram of the structural equation model with standardized path coefficients, testing mediation of stigma on depression and self-esteem.