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. 2021 Sep;35(9):2543-2549.
doi: 10.1038/s41433-020-01272-5. Epub 2020 Nov 12.

Seasonal patterns of incidence, demographic factors and microbiological profiles of infectious keratitis: the Nottingham Infectious Keratitis Study

Darren Shu Jeng Ting  1   2 , Charlotte Shan Ho  2 , Jessica Cairns  3 , Bhavesh P Gopal  2 , Ahmad Elsahn  1   2 , Mouhamed Al-Aqaba  1   2 , Tim Boswell  4 , Dalia G Said  1   2 , Harminder S Dua  5   6
Affiliations

Seasonal patterns of incidence, demographic factors and microbiological profiles of infectious keratitis: the Nottingham Infectious Keratitis Study

Darren Shu Jeng Ting et al. Eye (Lond). 2021 Sep.

Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the seasonal patterns of incidence, demographic factors and microbiological profiles of infectious keratitis (IK) in Nottingham, UK.

Methods: A retrospective study of all patients who were diagnosed with IK and underwent corneal scraping during 2008-2019 at a UK tertiary referral centre. Seasonal patterns of incidence (in per 100,000 population-year), demographic factors, culture positivity rate and microbiological profiles of IK were analysed.

Results: A total of 1272 IK cases were included. The overall incidence of IK was highest during summer (37.7, 95% confidence interval (CI): 31.3-44.1), followed by autumn (36.7, 95% CI: 31.0-42.4), winter (36.4, 95% CI: 32.1-40.8) and spring (30.6, 95% CI: 26.8-34.3), though not statistically significant (p = 0.14). The incidence of IK during summer increased significantly over the 12 years of study (r = 0.58, p = 0.049), but the incidence of IK in other seasons remained relatively stable throughout the study period. Significant seasonal variations were observed in patients' age (younger age in summer) and causative organisms, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa (32.9% in summer vs. 14.8% in winter; p < 0.001) and gram-positive bacilli (16.1% in summer vs. 4.7% in winter; p = 0.014).

Conclusion: The incidence of IK in Nottingham was similar among four seasons. No temporal trend in the annual incidence of IK was observed, as reported previously, but there was a significant yearly increase in the incidence of IK during summer in Nottingham over the past decade. The association of younger age, P. aeruginosa and gram-positive bacilli infection with summer was likely attributed to contact lens wear, increased outdoor/water activity and warmer temperature conducive for microbial growth.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1. Seasonal patterns in the incidence of infectious keratitis in Nottingham, UK, between January 2008 and December 2019.
The monthly incidence is presented as mean with 95% confidence interval (depicted by the error bars). For better graphical presentation purpose, “22 Dec–21 Jan” was referred to as month “January”, “22 Jan–21 Feb” was referred to as month “February”, and so on.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2. A summary of the temporal changes of the annual incidence of infectious keratitis of each season.
Temporal changes of the incidence of infectious keratitis in Nottingham, UK, during: A winter; B spring; C summer; and D autumn.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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