The Combination of Lead and Bacillus coagulans R11 Increased the Concentration of Alpha-Solanine in the Cecum of Laying Hens and the Pathogens Abundance Decreased

Abstract

Alpha-solanine is an alkaloid that can inhibit the growth of pathogens and cancer cells, the present study proved that feeding with Bacillus coagulans R11 increases the concentration of alpha-solanine in the cecum of laying hens, which also decreases the abundance of potential pathogens. In addition, the bacteria genera, metabolism pathways and its proteins involved in the biosynthesis of alpha-solanine in the cecum were also characterized. The results showed that B. coagulans R11 feeding could increase the concentration of alpha-solanine, even with lead exposure. Mevalonic acid and MEP/DOXP pathways were both participated in the biosynthesis of alpha-solanine; at the same time, the gut metabolites (S)-2-amino-6-oxohexanoate, N2-succinyl-L-ornithine and the bacteria proteins atoB, ispH were shown to be crucial role in the biosynthesis of alpha-solanine in the gut. The genera Faecalibacterium sp. An77 and Faecalibacterium sp. An58 2 were important in the biosynthesis of alpha-solanine, which provided the key proteins atoB and ispH. In addition, alpha-solanine could decrease the abundance of Prevotella sp. 109 and Prevotella marshii. In conclusion, alpha-solanine could be biosynthesized by cecal microorganisms with the stimulation of B. coagulans R11 in the intestine of laying hens, in addition, alpha-solanine was the main compound which also decreased the abundance of gut potential.

Keywords: B. coagulans R11; laying hens; lead; pathogens; α-solanine.

FIGURE 1

The bacterial abundances at the genus level and the abundances of potential probiotics and pathogens in each group. (A) The abundances of bacteria at the genus level in the three groups compared with those of the Blank group; (B) (1–3) show the abundances of potential probiotics and pathogens in the three groups compared with those of the Blank group, while (4) shows the abundances of the common potential probiotics and pathogens in groups Pb and R11-Pb. “*” means significantly different (P < 0.05), and “**” means extremely significantly different (P < 0.01).

FIGURE 2

Venn diagram showing the relationships between the metabolites among the 4 experimental groups.

FIGURE 3

The change and the abundances of the major metabolites. (A) The metabolites change of the groups compared with those of the Blank group, red indicates that an abundance is greater than that of the Blank group, green indicates that it is lower than that of the Blank group, and black indicates the abundance is same as that in the Blank group. (B) The abundances of the major metabolites in each group.

FIGURE 4

The relative abundances of proteins and genera and the expression levels of the proteins. (A,B) The relative abundances of proteins and genera, respectively; red indicates an increase in abundance compared to that of the Blank group; green indicates a decrease in abundance compared with that of the Blank group; black indicates in the same abundance as the Blank group. (C) The expression levels of proteins in each assigned genus in each group.

FIGURE 5

Combined omics analysis. (A) The abundance of Bacillus coagulans R11 in the four groups. (B) The α-solanine biosynthesis route based on the results of the present study. (C) The assigned genus abundances of proteins ispH and atoB. No letter label among the four groups in each genus indicates no significant difference, and different letters in different groups for each genus indicate a significant difference.

FIGURE 6

The benefits of Bacillus coagulans R11 feeding to the cecum of laying hens with and without lead exposure.