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Meta-Analysis
. 2020 Nov 16;11(11):CD013162.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013162.pub2.

Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents

Anthony C James  1   2 , Tessa Reardon  1   3   4 , Angela Soler  2 , Georgina James  5 , Cathy Creswell  1   3   4
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents

Anthony C James et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Previous Cochrane Reviews have shown that cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is effective in treating childhood anxiety disorders. However, questions remain regarding the following: up-to-date evidence of the relative efficacy and acceptability of CBT compared to waiting lists/no treatment, treatment as usual, attention controls, and alternative treatments; benefits across a range of outcomes; longer-term effects; outcomes for different delivery formats; and amongst children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and children with intellectual impairments.

Objectives: To examine the effect of CBT for childhood anxiety disorders, in comparison with waitlist/no treatment, treatment as usual (TAU), attention control, alternative treatment, and medication.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Common Mental Disorders Controlled Trials Register (all years to 2016), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO (each to October 2019), international trial registries, and conducted grey literature searches.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials of CBT that involved direct contact with the child, parent, or both, and included non-CBT comparators (waitlist/no treatment, treatment as usual, attention control, alternative treatment, medication). Participants were younger than age 19, and met diagnostic criteria for an anxiety disorder diagnosis. Primary outcomes were remission of primary anxiety diagnosis post-treatment, and acceptability (number of participants lost to post-treatment assessment), and secondary outcomes included remission of all anxiety diagnoses, reduction in anxiety symptoms, reduction in depressive symptoms, improvement in global functioning, adverse effects, and longer-term effects.

Data collection and analysis: We used standard methodological procedures as recommended by Cochrane. We used GRADE to assess the quality of the evidence.

Main results: We included 87 studies and 5964 participants in quantitative analyses. Compared with waitlist/no treatment, CBT probably increases post-treatment remission of primary anxiety diagnoses (CBT: 49.4%, waitlist/no treatment: 17.8%; OR 5.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.90 to 7.60; n = 2697, 39 studies, moderate quality); NNTB 3 (95% CI 2.25 to 3.57) and all anxiety diagnoses (OR 4.43, 95% CI 2.89 to 6.78; n = 2075, 28 studies, moderate quality). Low-quality evidence did not show a difference between CBT and TAU in post-treatment primary anxiety disorder remission (OR 3.19, 95% CI 0.90 to 11.29; n = 487, 8 studies), but did suggest CBT may increase remission from all anxiety disorders compared to TAU (OR 2.74, 95% CI 1.16 to 6.46; n = 203, 5 studies). Compared with attention control, CBT may increase post-treatment remission of primary anxiety disorders (OR 2.28, 95% CI 1.33 to 3.89; n = 822, 10 studies, low quality) and all anxiety disorders (OR 2.75, 95% CI 1.22 to 6.17; n = 378, 5 studies, low quality). There was insufficient available data to compare CBT to alternative treatments on post-treatment remission of primary anxiety disorders, and low-quality evidence showed there may be little to no difference between these groups on post-treatment remission of all anxiety disorders (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.35 to 2.23; n = 401, 4 studies) Low-quality evidence did not show a difference for acceptability between CBT and waitlist/no treatment (OR 1.09, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.41; n=3158, 45 studies), treatment as usual (OR 1.37, 95% CI 0.73 to 2.56; n = 441, 8 studies), attention control (OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.68 to 1.49; n = 797, 12 studies) and alternative treatment (OR 1.58, 95% CI 0.61 to 4.13; n=515, 7 studies). No adverse effects were reported across all studies; however, in the small number of studies where any reference was made to adverse effects, it was not clear that these were systematically monitored. Results from the anxiety symptom outcomes, broader outcomes, longer-term outcomes and subgroup analyses are provided in the text. We did not find evidence of consistent differences in outcomes according to delivery formats (e.g. individual versus group; amount of therapist contact time) or amongst samples with and without ASD, and no studies included samples of children with intellectual impairments.

Authors' conclusions: CBT is probably more effective in the short-term than waiting lists/no treatment, and may be more effective than attention control. We found little to no evidence across outcomes that CBT is superior to usual care or alternative treatments, but our confidence in these findings are limited due to concerns about the amount and quality of available evidence, and we still know little about how best to efficiently improve outcomes.

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Conflict of interest statement

Anthony James: nothing to declare Tessa Reardon was funded by a National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Research Professorship to Cathy Creswell. This study presents independent research partly funded by the NIHR. Angela Soler: nothing to declare Georgina James: nothing to declare Cathy Creswell was funded by an NIHR Research Professorship. This study presents independent research partly funded by the NIHR.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
3
3
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
4
4
Forest plot of comparison: 1 CBT vs waitlist/no treatment, outcome: 1.1 Remission of primary anxiety diagnosis post‐treatment (ITT).
5
5
Forest plot of comparison: 1 CBT vs waitlist/no treatment, outcome: 1.13 Reduction in anxiety symptoms (child report) post‐treatment.
6
6
Forest plot of comparison: 1 CBT vs waitlist/no treatment, outcome: 1.19 Reduction in anxiety symptoms (parent report) post‐treatment.
7
7
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 CBT vs waitlist/no treatment, outcome: 1.1 Remission of primary anxiety diagnosis post‐treatment (ITT).
8
8
Funnel plot of comparison: 3 CBT vs attention control, outcome: 3.1 Remission of primary anxiety diagnosis post‐treatment (ITT).
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT versus waitlist/no treatment, Outcome 1: Remission of primary anxiety diagnosis post‐treatment (ITT)
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT versus waitlist/no treatment, Outcome 2: Subgroup analysis: remission of primary anxiety diagnosis post‐treatment (ITT) (individual vs group)
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT versus waitlist/no treatment, Outcome 3: Subgroup analysis: remission of primary anxiety diagnosis post‐treatment (ITT) (amount of therapist contact time)
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT versus waitlist/no treatment, Outcome 4: Subgroup analysis: remission of primary anxiety diagnosis post‐treatment (ITT) (age)
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT versus waitlist/no treatment, Outcome 5: Subgroup analysis: remission of primary anxiety diagnosis post‐treatment (ITT) (ASD vs non‐ASD)
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT versus waitlist/no treatment, Outcome 6: Remission of primary anxiety diagnosis post‐treatment (completers)
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT versus waitlist/no treatment, Outcome 7: Acceptability (number of participants lost to post‐treatment assessment)
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT versus waitlist/no treatment, Outcome 8: Remission of all anxiety diagnoses post‐treatment (ITT)
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT versus waitlist/no treatment, Outcome 9: Subgroup analysis: remission of all anxiety diagnoses post‐treatment (ITT) (individual vs group)
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT versus waitlist/no treatment, Outcome 10: Subgroup analysis: remission of all anxiety diagnoses post‐treatment (ITT) (amount of therapist contact time)
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT versus waitlist/no treatment, Outcome 11: Subgroup analysis: remission of all anxiety diagnoses post‐treatment (ITT) (age)
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT versus waitlist/no treatment, Outcome 12: Remission of all anxiety diagnoses post‐treatment (completers)
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT versus waitlist/no treatment, Outcome 13: Reduction in anxiety symptoms (child report) post‐treatment
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT versus waitlist/no treatment, Outcome 14: Sensitivity analysis: reduction in anxiety symptoms (child report) post‐treatment (broad anxiety measures)
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT versus waitlist/no treatment, Outcome 15: Subgroup analysis: reduction in anxiety symptoms (child report) post‐treatment (individual vs group)
1.16
1.16. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT versus waitlist/no treatment, Outcome 16: Subgroup analysis: reduction in anxiety symptoms (child report) post‐treatment (amount of therapist contact time)
1.17
1.17. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT versus waitlist/no treatment, Outcome 17: Subgroup analysis: reduction in anxiety symptoms (child report) post‐treatment (age)
1.18
1.18. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT versus waitlist/no treatment, Outcome 18: Subgroup analysis: reduction in anxiety symptoms (child report) post‐treatment (ASD vs non‐ASD)
1.19
1.19. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT versus waitlist/no treatment, Outcome 19: Reduction in anxiety symptoms (parent report) post‐treatment
1.20
1.20. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT versus waitlist/no treatment, Outcome 20: Sensitivity analysis: reduction in anxiety symptoms (parent report) post‐treatment (broad anxiety measures only)
1.21
1.21. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT versus waitlist/no treatment, Outcome 21: Subgroup analysis: reduction in anxiety symptoms (parent report) post‐treatment (individual vs group)
1.22
1.22. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT versus waitlist/no treatment, Outcome 22: Subgroup analysis: reduction in anxiety symptoms (parent report) post‐treatment (amount of therapist contact time)
1.23
1.23. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT versus waitlist/no treatment, Outcome 23: Subgroup analysis: reduction in anxiety symptoms (parent report) post‐treatment (age)
1.24
1.24. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT versus waitlist/no treatment, Outcome 24: Subgroup analysis: reduction in anxiety symptoms (parent report) post‐treatment (ASD vs non‐ASD)
1.25
1.25. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT versus waitlist/no treatment, Outcome 25: Reduction in depressive symptoms post‐treatment
1.26
1.26. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT versus waitlist/no treatment, Outcome 26: Improvement in global functioning post‐treatment
1.27
1.27. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT versus waitlist/no treatment, Outcome 27: Remission of primary anxiety diagnosis at follow‐up (ITT)
1.28
1.28. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT versus waitlist/no treatment, Outcome 28: Remission of primary anxiety diagnosis at follow‐up (completers)
1.29
1.29. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT versus waitlist/no treatment, Outcome 29: Remission of all anxiety diagnoses at follow‐up (ITT)
1.30
1.30. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT versus waitlist/no treatment, Outcome 30: Remission of all anxiety diagnoses at follow‐up (completers)
1.31
1.31. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT versus waitlist/no treatment, Outcome 31: Reduction in anxiety symptoms (child report) at follow‐up
1.32
1.32. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT versus waitlist/no treatment, Outcome 32: Sensitivity analysis: remission of primary anxiety diagnosis post‐treatment (ITT) (only studies where sequence generation is clear)
1.33
1.33. Analysis
Comparison 1: CBT versus waitlist/no treatment, Outcome 33: Sensitivity analysis: remission of primary anxiety diagnosis post‐treatment (ITT) (only studies where blind assessors used)
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: CBT versus treatment as usual, Outcome 1: Remission of primary anxiety diagnosis post‐treatment (ITT)
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: CBT versus treatment as usual, Outcome 2: Subgroup analysis: remission of primary anxiety diagnosis post‐treatment (ITT) (ASD vs non‐ASD)
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: CBT versus treatment as usual, Outcome 3: Remission of primary anxiety diagnosis post‐treatment (completers)
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2: CBT versus treatment as usual, Outcome 4: Acceptability (number of participants lost to post‐treatment assessment)
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2: CBT versus treatment as usual, Outcome 5: Remission of all anxiety diagnoses post‐treatment (ITT)
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2: CBT versus treatment as usual, Outcome 6: Remission of all anxiety diagnoses post‐treatment (completers)
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2: CBT versus treatment as usual, Outcome 7: Reduction in anxiety symptoms (child report) post‐treatment
2.8
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2: CBT versus treatment as usual, Outcome 8: Sensitivity analysis: reduction in anxiety symptoms (child report) post‐treatment (broad anxiety measures only)
2.9
2.9. Analysis
Comparison 2: CBT versus treatment as usual, Outcome 9: Reduction in anxiety symptoms (parent report) post‐treatment
2.10
2.10. Analysis
Comparison 2: CBT versus treatment as usual, Outcome 10: Sensitivity analysis: reduction in anxiety symptoms (parent report) post‐treatment (broad anxiety measures only)
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: CBT versus attention control, Outcome 1: Remission of primary anxiety diagnosis post‐treatment (ITT)
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3: CBT versus attention control, Outcome 2: Subgroup analysis: remission of primary anxiety diagnosis post‐treatment (ITT) (individual vs group)
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3: CBT versus attention control, Outcome 3: Remission of primary anxiety diagnosis post‐treatment (completers)
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3: CBT versus attention control, Outcome 4: Acceptability (number of participants lost to post‐treatment assessment)
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3: CBT versus attention control, Outcome 5: Remission of all anxiety diagnoses post‐treatment (ITT)
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3: CBT versus attention control, Outcome 6: Remission of all anxiety diagnoses post‐treatment (completers)
3.7
3.7. Analysis
Comparison 3: CBT versus attention control, Outcome 7: Reduction in anxiety symptoms (child report) post‐treatment
3.8
3.8. Analysis
Comparison 3: CBT versus attention control, Outcome 8: Sensitivity analysis: reduction in anxiety symptoms (child report) post‐treatment (broad anxiety measures only)
3.9
3.9. Analysis
Comparison 3: CBT versus attention control, Outcome 9: Reduction in anxiety symptoms (parent report) post‐treatment
3.10
3.10. Analysis
Comparison 3: CBT versus attention control, Outcome 10: Sensitivity analysis: reduction in anxiety symptoms (parent report) post‐treatment (broad anxiety measures only)
3.11
3.11. Analysis
Comparison 3: CBT versus attention control, Outcome 11: Reduction in depressive symptoms post‐treatment
3.12
3.12. Analysis
Comparison 3: CBT versus attention control, Outcome 12: Remission of primary anxiety diagnosis at follow‐up (ITT)
3.13
3.13. Analysis
Comparison 3: CBT versus attention control, Outcome 13: Remission of primary anxiety diagnosis at follow‐up (completers)
3.14
3.14. Analysis
Comparison 3: CBT versus attention control, Outcome 14: Remission of all anxiety diagnoses at follow‐up (ITT)
3.15
3.15. Analysis
Comparison 3: CBT versus attention control, Outcome 15: Remission of all anxiety diagnoses at follow‐up (completers)
3.16
3.16. Analysis
Comparison 3: CBT versus attention control, Outcome 16: Reduction in anxiety symptoms (child report) at follow‐up
3.17
3.17. Analysis
Comparison 3: CBT versus attention control, Outcome 17: Reduction in anxiety symptoms (parent report) at follow‐up
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4: CBT versus alternative treatment, Outcome 1: Acceptability (number of participants lost to post‐treatment assessment)
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4: CBT versus alternative treatment, Outcome 2: Remission of all anxiety diagnoses post‐treatment (ITT)
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4: CBT versus alternative treatment, Outcome 3: Remission of all anxiety diagnoses post‐treatment (completers)
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4: CBT versus alternative treatment, Outcome 4: Reduction in anxiety symptoms (child report) post‐treatment
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4: CBT versus alternative treatment, Outcome 5: Sensitivity analysis: reduction in anxiety symptoms (child report) post‐treatment (broad anxiety measures only)
4.6
4.6. Analysis
Comparison 4: CBT versus alternative treatment, Outcome 6: Reduction in anxiety symptoms (parent report) post‐treatment
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Update of

  • doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013162

References

References to studies included in this review

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    1. Suveg CH, Hudson JL, Brewer G, Flannery-Schroeder E, Gosch E, Kendall PC. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety-disordered youth: secondary outcomes from a randomized clinical trial evaluating child and family modalities. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2009;23(3):341-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.01.003] - DOI - PubMed
Kennedy 2009 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Kennedy SJ, Rapee RM, Edwards SL. A selective intervention program for inhibited preschool-aged children of parents with an anxiety disorder: effects on current anxiety disorders and temperament. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2009;48(6):602-9. [DOI: 10.1097/CHI.0b013e31819f6fa9] - DOI - PubMed
Khanna 2010 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Khanna MS, Kendall PC. Computer-assisted cognitive behavioral therapy for child anxiety: results of a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2010;78(5):737-45. [DOI: 10.1037/a0019739] - DOI - PubMed
Kidd 2018 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12610001014044. Assessing the efficacy and social validity of a manualised, family-based group Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for adolescents with high-functioning autism and comorbid anxiety disorder. www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ACTRN12610001014044 (first received 19 November 2010).
    1. Kidd TC. Treating Anxiety in Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder Using Group Cognitive Behaviour Therapy: A Randomised Controlled Trial [Doctoral thesis]. Perth, Western Australia: Curtin University, 2018. [hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/73526]
Last 1998 {published data only}
    1. Last CG, Hansen C, Franco N. Cognitive-behavioral treatment of school phobia. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1998;37(4):404-11. [DOI: 10.1097/00004583-199804000-00018] - DOI - PubMed
Lau 2010 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Lau WY, Chan CK, Li JC, Au TK. Effectiveness of group cognitive-behavioral treatment for childhood anxiety in community clinics. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2010;48(11):1067-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2010.07.007] - DOI - PubMed
Lau 2017 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Lau EX, Rapee RM, Coplan RJ. Combining child social skills training with a parent early intervention program for inhibited preschool children. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2017;51:32-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.08.007] - DOI - PubMed
Lebowitz 2019 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Lebowitz ER, Marin C, Martino A, Shimshoni Y, Silverman WK. Parent-based treatment as efficacious as cognitive-behavioral therapy for childhood anxiety: a randomized noninferiority study of supportive parenting for anxious childhood emotions. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2019 Mar 7 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2019.02.014] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Lebowitz ER, Marin C, Martino A, Shimshoni Y, Silverman WK. Parent-based treatment as efficacious as cognitive-behavioral therapy for childhood anxiety: a randomized noninferiority study of supportive parenting for anxious childhood emotions. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2020;59(3):362-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2019.02.014] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT02310152. Explanatory clinical trial of a novel parent intervention for childhood anxiety (SPACE). clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct02310152 (first received 5 December 2014).
Leutgeb 2012 {published data only}
    1. Leutgeb V, Schienle A. Changes in facial electromyographic activity in spider-phobic girls after psychotherapy. Journal of Psychiatric Research 2012;46(6):805-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.02.017] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Masia Warner 2005 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Masia Warner C, Klein RG, Dent HC, Fisher PH, Alvir J, Albano AM, et al. School-based intervention for adolescents with social anxiety disorder: results of a controlled study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2005;33(6):707-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-005-7649-z] - DOI - PubMed
Masia Warner 2007 {published data only}
    1. Masia Warner C, Fisher PH, Shrout PE, Rathor S, Klein RG. Treating adolescents with social anxiety disorder in school: an attention control trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 2007;48(7):676-86. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01737.x] - DOI - PubMed
Masia Warner 2011 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Masia Warner C, Colognori D, Kim RE, Reigada LC, Klein RG, Browner-Elhanan KJ, et al. Cognitive-behavioral treatment of persistent functional somatic complaints and pediatric anxiety: an initial controlled trial. Depression and Anxiety 2011;28(7):551-9. [DOI: 10.1002/da.20821] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Masia Warner 2016 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Masia Warner C, Colognori D, Brice C, Herzig K, Mufson L, Lynch C, et al. Can school counselors deliver cognitive-behavioral treatment for social anxiety effectively? A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 2016;57(11):1229-38. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12550] - DOI - PubMed
    1. NCT01320800. CBT for social anxiety disorder delivered by school counselors. clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct01320800 (first received 22 March 2011).
McConachie 2014 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN11219568. Effective therapy for anxiety in young people with autism spectrum disorder. www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN11219568 (first received 12 May 2010).
    1. McConachie H, McLaughlin E, Grahame V, Taylor H, Honey E, Tavernor L, et al. Group therapy for anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism 2014;18(6):723-32. [DOI: 10.1177/1362361313488839] - DOI - PubMed
McNally Keehn 2013 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. McNally Keehn RH, Lincoln AJ, Brown MZ, Chavira DA. The Coping Cat program for children with anxiety and autism spectrum disorder: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2013;43(1):57-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-012-1541-9] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Melfsen 2011 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Melfsen S, Kuhnemund M, Schwieger J, Warnke A, Stadler C, Poustka F, et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy of socially phobic children focusing on cognition: a randomised wait-list control study. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health 2011;5:ArtID2. [DOI: 10.1186/1753-2000-5-5] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Muris 2002 {published data only}
    1. Muris P, Meesters C, Melick M. Treatment of childhood anxiety disorders: a preliminary comparison between cognitive-behavioral group therapy and a psychological placebo intervention. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 2002;33(3-4):143-58. - PubMed
Murphy 2017 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Murphy SM, Chowdhury U, White SW, Reynolds L, Donald L, Gahan H, et al. Cognitive behaviour therapy versus a counselling intervention for anxiety in young people with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders: a pilot randomised controlled trial. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2017;47(11):3446-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3252-8] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
O'Brien 2007 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. O'Brien F, Olden N, Migone M, Dooley B, Atkins L, Ganter K, et al. Group cognitive behavioural therapy for children with anxiety disorder - an evaluation of the 'Friends for Youth' programme. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 2007;24(1):5-12. - PubMed
Olivares 2005 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Olivares J, Rosa-Alcazar AI, Piqueras JA. Early detection and treatment of adolescents with generalized social phobia. Psicothema 2005;17(1):1-8.
Olivares 2014 {published data only}
    1. Olivares J, Olivares-Olivares PJ, Rosa-Alcazar AI, Montesinos L, Macia D. The contribution of the therapist's competence in the treatment of adolescents with generalized social phobia. Psicothema 2014;26(4):483-9. - PubMed
Olivares 2019 {published data only}
    1. Olivares-Olivares PJ, Ortiz-González PF, Olivares J. Role of social skills training in adolescents with social anxiety disorder. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology 2019;19(1):41-8. - PMC - PubMed
Ollendick 2009 {published data only}
    1. Ollendick TH, Ost LG, Reuterskiold L, Costa N, Cederlund R, Sirbu C, et al. One-session treatment of specific phobias in youth: a randomized clinical trial in the United States and Sweden. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2009;77(3):504-16. [DOI: 10.1037/a0015158] - DOI - PubMed
Ost 2001 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Ost LG, Svensson L, Hellstrom K, Lindwall R. One-session treatment of specific phobias in youths: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2001;69(5):814-24. [DOI: 10.1037/0022-006X.69.5.814] - DOI - PubMed
Perrin 2019 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN50951795. Cognitive therapy for generalised anxiety in youth. www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN50951795 (first received 30 June 2010).
    1. Perrin S, Bevan D, Payne S, Bolton D. GAD-specific cognitive behavioral treatment for children and adolescents: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Cognitive Therapy and Research 2019;43(6):1051-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-019-10020-3] - DOI
Pincus 2010 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. NCT00705380. Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy with panic control treatment for adolescents with panic disorder. clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct00705380 (first received 25 June 2008).
    1. Pincus DB, May JE, Whitton SW, Mattis SG, Barlow DH. Cognitive-behavioral treatment of panic disorder in adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 2010;39(5):638-49. [DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2010.501288] - DOI - PubMed
Rapee 2005 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Rapee RM, Kennedy S, Ingram M, Edwards S, Sweeney L. Prevention and early intervention of anxiety disorders in inhibited preschool children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2005;73(3):488-97. [DOI: 10.1037/0022-006X.73.3.488] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Rapee RM, Kennedy SJ, Ingram M, Edwards SL, Sweeney L. Altering the trajectory of anxiety in at-risk young children. American Journal of Psychiatry 2010;167(12):1518-25. [DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09111619] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Rapee RM. The preventative effects of a brief, early intervention for preschool-aged children at risk for internalising: follow-up into middle adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry 2013;54(7):780-8. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12048] - DOI - PubMed
Rapee 2006 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Rapee RM, Abbott MJ, Lyneham HJ. Bibliotherapy for children with anxiety disorders using written materials for parents: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2006;74(3):436-44. [DOI: 10.1037/0022-006X.74.3.436] - DOI - PubMed
Reaven 2012 {published data only}
    1. Reaven J, Blakeley-Smith A, Culhane-Shelburne K, Hepburn S. Group cognitive behavior therapy for children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders and anxiety: a randomized trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 2012;53(4):410-9. - PMC - PubMed
Reigada 2015 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Reigada LC, Polokowski AR, Walder DJ, Szigethy EM, Benkov KJ, Bruzzese JM, et al. Treatment for comorbid pediatric gastrointestinal and anxiety disorders: a pilot study of a flexible health sensitive cognitive-behavioral therapy program. Clinical Practice in Pediatric Psychology 2015;3(4):314-26. [DOI: 10.1037/cpp0000116] - DOI
Rosa Alcazar 2009 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Rosa-Alcazar AI, Olivares-Olivares PJ, Olivares J. The role of non-specific effects in the psychological treatment of adolescents with social phobia. Anuario de Psicologia 2009;40(1):43-61.
Salari 2018 {published and unpublished data}
    1. NCT01513915. A parent-only group cognitive behavioral intervention for children with anxiety disorders: a control group study. clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct01513915 (first received 20 January 2012).
    1. Salari E, Shahrivar Z, Mahmoudi-Gharaei J, Shirazi E, Sepasi M. Parent-only group cognitive behavioral intervention for children with anxiety disorders: a control group study. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2018;27(2):130-6. - PMC - PubMed
Salum 2018 {published data only}
    1. NCT01687764. Combination of active or placebo Attentional Bias Modification Treatment (ABMT) to either Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy (CBGT) or Psychoeducational Control Intervention (PCI) for anxiety disorders in children: a randomized clinical trial. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01687764 19 September 2012.
    1. Salum GA, Petersen CS, Jarros RB, Toazza R, DeSousa D, Borba LN, et al. Group cognitive behavioral therapy and attention bias modification for childhood anxiety disorders: a factorial randomized trial of efficacy. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2018;28(9):620-30. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.2018.0022] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Sanchez Garcia 2009 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Sanchez-Garcia R, Olivares J. Effectiveness of a program for early detection/intervention in children/adolescents with generalized social phobia. Anales de Psicologia 2009;25(2):241-9.
Santucci 2013 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Santucci LC, Ehrenreich-May J. A randomized controlled trial of the child anxiety multi-day program (CAMP) for separation anxiety disorder. Child Psychiatry and Human Development 2013;44(3):439-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s10578-012-0338-6] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Schneider 2011 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Schneider S, Blatter-Meunier J, Herren C, Adornetto C, In-Albon T, Lavallee K. Disorder-specific cognitive-behavioral therapy for separation anxiety disorder in young children: a randomized waiting-list-controlled trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 2011;80(4):206-15. [DOI: 10.1159/000323444] - DOI - PubMed
Sciberras 2018 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. ISRCTN33930984. Does the identification and treatment of comorbid anxiety disorders in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) improve outcomes? www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN33930984 (first received 2 October 2013).
    1. Sciberras E, Mulraney M, Anderson V, Rapee RM, Nicholson JM, Efron D, et al. Managing anxiety in children with ADHD using cognitive-behavioral therapy: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Journal of Attention Disorders 2018;22(5):515-20. [DOI: 10.1177/1087054715584054] - DOI - PubMed
Shahnavaz 2016 {published data only}
    1. NCT01798355. Children and adolescents with dental anxiety - randomized controlled study of cognitive behavioral therapy. clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct01798355 (first received 25 February 2013).
    1. Shahnavaz S, Hedman E, Grindefjord M, Reuterskiold L, Dahllof G. Cognitive behavioral therapy for children with dental anxiety: a randomized controlled trial. JDR Clinical and Translational Research 2016;1(3):234-43. [DOI: 10.1177/2380084416661473] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Sharma 2017 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Sharma P, Mehta M, Sagar R. Efficacy of transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioral group therapy for anxiety disorders and headache in adolescents. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2017;46:78-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.11.001] - DOI - PubMed
Shortt 2001 {published data only}
    1. Shortt AL, Barrett PM, Fox TL. Evaluating the FRIENDS program: a cognitive-behavioral group treatment for anxious children and their parents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 2001;30(4):525-35. [DOI: 10.1207/S15374424JCCP3004_09] - DOI - PubMed
Silk 2018 {published and unpublished data}
    1. NCT00774150. Transdisciplinary studies of CBT for anxiety in youth: child anxiety treatment study. clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct00774150 (first received 17 October 2008).
    1. Silk JS, Tan PZ, Ladouceur CD, Meller S, Siegle GJ, McMakin DL, et al. A randomized clinical trial comparing individual cognitive behavioral therapy and child-centered therapy for child anxiety disorders. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 2018;47(4):542-54. [DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2016.1138408] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Silverman 1999a {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Silverman WK, Kurtines WM, Ginsburg GS, Weems CF, Rabian B, Serafini LT. Contingency management, self-control, and education support in the treatment of childhood phobic disorders: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1999;67(5):675-87. - PubMed
Silverman 1999b {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Silverman WK, Kurtines WM, Ginsburg GS, Weems CF, Lumpkin PW, Carmichael DH. Treating anxiety disorders in children with group cognitive-behavioral therapy: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1999;67(6):995-1003. - PubMed
Simon 2011 {published and unpublished data}
    1. NTR1143. Prevention of childhood anxiety disorders via the parent or via the child? www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=NTR1143 (first received 27 November 2007).
    1. Simon E, Bogels SM, Voncken JM. Efficacy of child-focused and parent-focused interventions in a child anxiety prevention study. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 2011;40(2):204-19. [DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2011.546039] - DOI - PubMed
Smith 2014 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Smith AM, Flannery-Schroeder EC, Gorman KS, Cook N. Parent cognitive-behavioral intervention for the treatment of childhood anxiety disorders: a pilot study. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2014;61:156-61. - PubMed
    1. Smith AM. Cognitive-behavioral treatment of childhood anxiety: examining a parent consultation model. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 2014;74:8-B(E).
Southam Gerow 2010 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Southam-Gerow MA, Weisz JR, Chu BC, McLeod BD, Gordis EB, Connor-Smith JK. Does cognitive behavioral therapy for youth anxiety outperform usual care in community clinics? An initial effectiveness test. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2010;49(10):1043-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2010.06.009] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Spence 2000 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Spence SH, Donovan C, Brechman-Toussaint M. The treatment of childhood social phobia: the effectiveness of a social skills training-based, cognitive-behavioural intervention, with and without parental involvement. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 2000;41(6):713-26. - PubMed
Spence 2006 {published data only}
    1. Spence SH, Holmes JM, March S, Lipp OV. The feasibility and outcome of clinic plus internet delivery of cognitive-behavior therapy for childhood anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2006;74(3):614-21. [DOI: 10.1037/0022-006X.74.3.614] - DOI - PubMed
Spence 2011 {published data only}
    1. Spence SH, Donovan CL, March S, Gamble A, Anderson RE, Prosser S, et al. A randomized controlled trial of online versus clinic-based CBT for adolescent anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2011;79(5):629-42. [DOI: 10.1037/a0024512] - DOI - PubMed
Storch 2013 {published data only}
    1. NCT01178385. Cognitive-behavioral treatment for anxiety disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders. clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct01178385 (first received 10 August 2010).
    1. Storch EA, Arnold EB, Lewin AB, Nadeau JM, Jones AM, De Nadai AS, et al. The effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy versus treatment as usual for anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorders: a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2013;52(2):132-42.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2012.11.007] - DOI - PubMed
Storch 2015 {published data only}
    1. NCT01563003. Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders in adolescents with autism. clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct01563003 (first received 26 March 2012).
    1. Storch EA, Lewin AB, Collier AB, Arnold E, De Nadai AS, Dane BF, et al. A randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy versus treatment as usual for adolescents with autism spectrum disorders and comorbid anxiety. Depression and Anxiety 2015;32(3):174-81. [DOI: 10.1002/da.22332] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Thirlwall 2013 {published data only}
    1. Thirlwall K, Cooper PJ, Karalus J, Voysey M, Willetts L, Creswell C. Treatment of child anxiety disorders via guided parent-delivered cognitive-behavioural therapy: randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry 2013;203(6):436-44. [DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.113.126698] - DOI - PubMed
Villabo 2018 {published data only}
    1. NCT00735995. Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for child anxiety disorders in community clinics in Norway. clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct00735995 (first received 15 August 2008).
    1. Villabo MA, Narayanan M, Compton SN, Kendall PC, Neumer SP. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for youth anxiety: an effectiveness evaluation in community practice. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2018;86(9):751-64. [DOI: 10.1037/ccp0000326] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Walkup 2008 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Albano AM, Comer JS, Compton SN, Piacentini J, Kendall PC, Birmaher B, et al. Secondary outcomes from the Child/Adolescent Anxiety Multimodal Study: implications for clinical practice. Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health 2018;3(1):30-41. [DOI: 10.1080/23794925.2017.1399485] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Compton SN, Walkup JT, Albano AM, Piacentini JC, Birmaher B, Sherrill JT, et al. Child/Adolescent Anxiety Multimodal Study (CAMS): rationale, design, and methods. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health 2010;4:1. [DOI: 10.1186/1753-2000-4-1] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ginsburg GS, Becker EM, Keeton CP, Sakolsky D, Piacentini J, Albano AM, et al. Naturalistic follow-up of youths treated for pediatric anxiety disorders. JAMA Psychiatry 2014;71(3):310-8. [DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.4186] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ginsburg GS, Becker-Haimes EM, Keeton C, Kendall PC, Lyengar S, Sakolsky D, et al. Results from the Child/Adolescent Anxiety Multimodal Extended Long-Term Study (CAMELS): primary anxiety outcomes. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2018;57(7):471-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2018.03.017] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Ginsburg GS, Kendall PC, Sakolsky D, Compton SN, Piacentini J, Albano AM, et al. Remission after acute treatment in children and adolescents with anxiety disorders: findings from the CAMS. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2011;79(6):806-13. [DOI: 10.1037/a0025933] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Waters 2009 {published data only}
    1. Waters AM, Ford LA, Wharton TA, Cobham VE. Cognitive-behavioural therapy for young children with anxiety disorders: comparison of a child + parent condition versus a parent only condition. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2009;47(8):654-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2009.04.008] - DOI - PubMed
Wergeland 2014 {published and unpublished data}
    1. NCT00586586. Effectiveness study of CBT for anxiety in children. clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct00586586 (first received 4 January 2008).
    1. Wergeland GJ, Fjermestad KW, Marin CE, Haugland BS, Bjaastad JF, Oeding K, et al. An effectiveness study of individual vs. group cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders in youth. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2014;57:1‐12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2014.03.007] - DOI - PubMed
White 2013 {published data only}
    1. NCT00926471. Social skills and anxiety reduction treatment for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct00926471 (first received 23 June 2009).
    1. White SW, Ollendick T, Albano AM, Oswald D, Johnson C, Southam-Gerow MA, et al. Randomized controlled trial: Multimodal Anxiety and Social Skill Intervention for adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2013;43(2):382-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-012-1577-x] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Wood 2009 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Wood JJ, Drahota A, Sze K, Har K, Chiu A, Langer DA. Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorders: a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 2009;50(3):224-34. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01948.x] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Wood 2015 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. NCT01177969. CBT for anxiety disorders in autism: adapting treatment for adolescents. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/nct01177969 (first received 9 August 2010).
    1. Wood JJ, Ehrenreich-May J, Alessandri M, Fujii C, Renno P, Laugeson E, et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy for early adolescents with autism spectrum disorders and clinical anxiety: a randomized, controlled trial. Behavior Therapy 2015;46(1):7-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2014.01.002] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Asbrand {unpublished data only}
    1. Asbrand J. Exposure-based cognitive behavior therapy for children and adolescents with social anxiety disorder: a randomized controlled group treatment trial. Manuscript provided by author (on 21 May 2019).
Asbrand 2019 {published data only}
    1. Asbrand J, Heinrichs N, Nitschke K, Wolf OT, Schmidtendorf S, Tuschen-Caffier B. Repeated stress leads to enhanced cortisol stress response in child social anxiety disorder but this effect can be prevented with CBT. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019;109:104352. [DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.06.003] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Asbrand J, Heinrichs N, Schmidtendorf S, Nitschke K, Tuschen-Caffier B. Experience versus report: where are changes seen after exposure-based cognitive-behavioral therapy? A randomized controlled group treatment of childhood social anxiety disorder. Child Psychiatry and Human Development 2020;51(3):427-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s10578-019-00954-w] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Asbrand J, Schmitz J, Kramer M, Nitschke K, Heinrichs N, Tuschen-Caffier B. Effects of group-based CBT on post-event processing in children with social anxiety disorder following an experimental social stressor. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2019;47(12):1945-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-019-00558-x] - DOI - PubMed
Baer 2005 {published data only}
    1. Baer S, Garland EJ. Pilot study of community-based cognitive behavioral group therapy for adolescents with social phobia. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2005;44(3):258-64. [DOI: 10.1097/00004583-200503000-00010] - DOI - PubMed
Beidel 2000 {published data only}
    1. Beidel DC, Turner SM, Morris TL. Behavioral treatment of childhood social phobia. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2000;68(6):1072-80. - PubMed
    1. Beidel DC, Turner SM, Young B, Paulson A. Social effectiveness therapy for children: three-year follow-up. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2005;73(4):721-5. - PubMed
    1. Beidel DC, Turner SM, Young BJ. Social effectiveness therapy for children: five years later. Behavior Therapy 2006;37(4):416-25. - PubMed
Beidel 2007 {published data only}
    1. Beidel DC, Turner SM, Sallee FR, Ammerman RT, Crosby LA, Pathak S. SET-C versus fluoxetine in the treatment of childhood social phobia. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2007;46(12):1622-32. [DOI: 10.1097/chi.0b013e318154bb57] - DOI - PubMed
    1. NCT00043537. Treatment of childhood social phobia. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00043537 (first received 12 August 2002).
Bergman 2013 {published data only}
    1. Bergman RL, Gonzalez A, Piacentini J, Keller ML. Integrated Behavior Therapy for Selective Mutism: a randomized controlled pilot study. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2013;51(10):680-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2013.07.003] - DOI - PubMed
    1. NCT00458198. Integrated behavioral therapy for treating children with selective mutism. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00458198 (first received 9 April 2007).
Bernstein 2005 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Bernstein GA, Bernat DH, Victor AM, Layne AE. School-based interventions for anxious children: 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-ups. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2008;47(9):1039-47. [DOI: 10.1097/CHI.ob013e31817eecco] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Bernstein GA, Layne AE, Egan EA, Tennison DM. School-based interventions for anxious children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2005;44(11):1118-27. [DOI: 10.1097/01.chi.0000177323.40005.a1] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Lee SS, Victor AM, James MG, Roach LE, Bernstein GA. School-based interventions for anxious children: long-term follow-up. Child Psychiatry and Human Development 2016;47(2):183-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s10578-015-0555-x] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Bodden 2008a {published data only}
    1. Bodden DH, Bogels SM, Nauta MH, De Haan E, Ringrose J, Appelboom C, et al. Child versus family cognitive-behavioral therapy in clinically anxious youth: an efficacy and partial effectiveness study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2008;47(12):1384-94. [DOI: 10.1097/CHI.0b013e318189148e] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Bodden DHM, Dirksen CD, Bogels SM, Nauta MH, De Haan E, Ringrose J, et al. Costs and cost-effectiveness of family CBT versus individual CBT in clinically anxious children. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2008;13(4):543-64. [DOI: 10.1177/1359104508090602] - DOI - PubMed
Clementi 2019 {published data only}
    1. Clementi MA. Efficacy of an integrated sleep and anxiety intervention for anxious children: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 2019;80:7-B(E). - PubMed
Cobham 2012 {published data only}
    1. Cobham V. Do anxiety-disordered children need to come into the clinic for efficacious treatment? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2012;80(3):465-76. - PubMed
Cotton 2019 {published data only}
    1. Cotton S, Kraemer KM, Sears RW, Strawn JR, Wasson RS, McCune N, et al. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for children and adolescents with anxiety disorders at-risk for bipolar disorder: a psychoeducation waitlist controlled pilot trial. Early Intervention in Psychiatry 2019;14(2):211-9. - PMC - PubMed
Ebrahiminejad 2016 {published data only}
    1. Ebrahiminejad S, Poursharifi H, Bakhshiour Roodsari A, Zeinodini Z, Noorbakhsh S. The effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on Iranian female adolescents suffering from social anxiety. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal 2016;18(11):e25116. [DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.25116] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Flatt 2010 {published data only}
    1. Flatt N, King N. Brief psycho-social interventions in the treatment of specific childhood phobias: a controlled trial and a 1-year follow-up. Behaviour Change 2010;27(3):130-53.
Gil Bernal 2009 {published data only}
    1. Gil-Bernal F, Hernandez-Guzman L. Cognitive-behavioural treatment in Mexican children with social phobia. Anuario de Psicologia 2009;40(1):89-104.
Ginsburg 2019b {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Ginsburg GS, Drake KL, Muggeo MA, Stewart CE, Pikulski PJ, Zheng D, et al. A pilot RCT of a school nurse delivered intervention to reduce student anxiety. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 2019 Aug 2 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2019.1630833] - DOI - PubMed
Hayward 2000 {published data only}
    1. Hayward C, Varady S, Albano AM, Thienemann M, Henderson L, Schatzberg AF. Cognitive-behavioral group therapy for social phobia in female adolescents: results of a pilot study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2000;39(6):721-6. [DOI: 10.1097/00004583-200006000-00010] - DOI - PubMed
Jansen 2012 {published data only}
    1. Jansen M, Doorn MM, Lichtwarck-Aschoff A, Kuijpers RC, Theunissen H, Korte M, et al. Effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) manualized program for clinically anxious children: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 2012;12(1):16. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-244X-12-16] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Kerns 2016 {published data only}
    1. Kerns CM, Wood JJ, Kendall PC, Renno P, Crawford EA, Mercado RJ, et al. The Treatment of Anxiety in Autism Spectrum Disorder (TAASD) study: rationale, design and methods. Journal of Child and Family Studies 2016;25(6):1889-902. [DOI: 10.1007/s10826-016-0372-2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT02028247. Psychotherapy for Anxiety in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder (TAASD). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02111395 (first received 7 January 2014).
Kujawa 2019 {published data only}
    1. Kujawa A, Burkhouse KL, Karich SR, Fitzgerald KD, Monk CS, Phan KL. Reduced reward responsiveness predicts change in depressive symptoms in anxious children and adolescents following treatment. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2019;29(5):378-85. - PMC - PubMed
Lyneham 2006 {published data only}
    1. Lyneham HJ, Rapee RM. Evaluation of therapist-supported parent-implemented CBT for anxiety disorders in rural children. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2006;44(9):1287-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2005.09.009] - DOI - PubMed
Mendlowitz 1999 {published data only}
    1. Mendlowitz SL, Manassis K, Bradley S, Scapillato D, Miezitis S, Shaw BF. Cognitive-behavioral group treatments in childhood anxiety disorders: the role of parental involvement. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1999;38(10):1223-9. - PubMed
Nauta 2003 {published data only}
    1. Nauta MH, Scholing A, Emmelkamp PM, Minderaa RB. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for children with anxiety disorders in a clinical setting: no additional effect of a cognitive parent training. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2003;42(11):1270-8. [DOI: 10.1097/01.chi.0000085752.71002.93] - DOI - PubMed
NCT00576719 {published data only}
    1. Elkins RM, Gallo KP, Pincus DB, Comer JS. Moderators of intensive cognitive behavioral therapy for adolescent panic disorder: the roles of fear and avoidance. Child and Adolescent Mental Health 2016;21(1):30-6. [DOI: 10.1111/camh.12122] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Gallo KP, Chan PT, Buzzella BA, Whitton SW, Pincus DB. The impact of an 8-day intensive treatment for adolescent panic disorder and agoraphobia on comorbid diagnoses. Behavior Therapy 2012;43(1):153-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2011.05.002] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Gallo KP, Cooper-Vince CE, Hardway CL, Pincus DB, Comer JS. Trajectories of change across outcomes in intensive treatment for adolescent panic disorder and agoraphobia. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 2014;43(5):742-50. - PubMed
    1. Hardway CL, Pincus DB, Gallo KP, Comer JS. Parental involvement in intensive treatment for adolescent panic disorder and its impact on depression. Journal of Child and Family Studies 2015;24(11):3306-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s10826-015-0133-7] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT00576719. Effectiveness of intensive cognitive behavioral therapy in treating adolescent panic disorder and agoraphobia. clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct00576719 (first received 19 December 2007).
Oerbeck 2014 {published data only}
    1. Oerbeck B, Overgaard KR, Stein MB, Pripp AH, Kristensen H. Treatment of selective mutism: a 5-year follow-up study. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2018;27(8):997-1009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00787-018-1110-7] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Oerbeck B, Stein MB, Pripp AH, Kristensen H. Selective mutism: follow-up study 1 year after end of treatment. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2015;24(7):757-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00787-014-0620-1] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Oerbeck B, Stein MB, Wentzel-Larsen T, Langsrud O, Kristensen H. A randomized controlled trial of a home and school-based intervention for selective mutism - defocused communication and behavioural techniques. Child and Adolescent Mental Health 2014;19(3):192-8. [DOI: 10.1111/camh.12045] - DOI - PubMed
Ollendick 2018 {published data only}
    1. Ollendick TH, White SW, Richey J, Kim-Spoon J, Ryan SM, Wieckowski AT, et al. Attention bias modification treatment for adolescents with social anxiety disorder. Behavior Therapy 2018;50(1):126-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2018.04.002] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Ost 2015 {published data only}
    1. Öst LG, Cederlund R, Reuterskiöld L. Behavioral treatment of social phobia in youth: does parent education training improve the outcome? Behaviour Research and Therapy 2015;67:19-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2015.02.001] - DOI - PubMed
Ozyurt 2018 {published data only}
    1. Ozyurt G, Gencer O, Ozturk Y, Ozbek A. Is Triple P effective in childhood anxiety disorder? A randomized controlled study. Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology 2019;29(4):570-8. [DOI: 10.1080/24750573.2018.1483790] - DOI
Pereira 2014 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Pereira AI, Marques T, Russo V, Barros L, Barrett P. Effectiveness of the friends for life program in Portuguese schools: study with a sample of highly anxious children. Psychology in the Schools 2014;51(6):647-57. [DOI: 10.1002/pits.21767] - DOI
Rudy 2017 {published data only}
    1. NCT02051192. A brief behavioral treatment for anxiety in young children. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02051192 (first received 31 January 2014).
    1. Rudy BM, Zavrou S, Johnco C, Storch EA, Lewin AB. Parent-led exposure therapy: a pilot study of a brief behavioral treatment for anxiety in young children. Journal of Child and Family Studies 2017;26(9):2475-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s10826-017-0772-y] - DOI
Salzer 2018 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Dams J, Kronmüller KT, Leibing E, Steil R, Henningsen P, Leichsenring F, et al. Direct costs of social phobia in adolescents and cost-effectiveness of psychotherapy. Psychiatrische Praxis 2019;46(3):148-55. [DOI: 10.1055/a-0733-4999] - DOI - PubMed
    1. ISRCTN22752528. Cognitive therapy (CT-A) versus short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy (STPP-A) for social phobia (SP) in adolescents. www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN22752528 (first received 17 February 2011).
    1. Salzer S, Stefini A, Kronmuller KT, Leibing E, Leichsenring F, Henningsen P, et al. Cognitive-behavioral and psychodynamic therapy in adolescents with social anxiety disorder: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 2018;87(4):223-33. [DOI: 10.1159/000488990] - DOI - PubMed
Sevi Tok 2016 {published data only}
    1. Sevi Tok ES, Arkar H, Bildik T. The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy, medication, or combined treatment for childhood anxiety disorders. Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi [Turkish Journal of Psychiatry] 2016;27(2):1-8. - PubMed
Storch 2019 {published data only}
    1. NCT01919970. Exposure-focused family-based CBT for youth with ASD and comorbid anxiety. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01919970 (first received 9 August 2013).
    1. Storch EA, Schneider SC, De Nadai AS, Selles RR, McBride NM, Grebe SC, et al. A pilot study of family-based exposure-focused Treatment for Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Anxiety. Child Psychiatry & Human Development 2019 Sep 6 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1007/s10578-019-00923-3] - DOI - PubMed
Sung 2011 {published data only}
    1. NCT01031511. Effect of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for children with autistic spectrum disorders. clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct01031511 (first received 14 December 2009).
    1. Sung M, Ooi YP, Goh TJ, Pathy P, Fung DS, Ang RP, et al. Effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy on anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorders: a randomized controlled trial. Child Psychiatry and Human Development 2011;42(6):634-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s10578-011-0238-1] - DOI - PubMed
Weisz 2012 {published data only}
    1. Chorpita BF, Weisz JR, Daleiden EL, Schoenwald SK, Palinkas LA, Miranda J, et al. Long-term outcomes for the Child STEPs randomized effectiveness trial: a comparison of modular and standard treatment designs with usual care. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2013;81(6):999-1009. [DOI: 10.1037/a0034200] - DOI - PubMed
    1. NCT01178554. The Clinic Treatment Project (CTP). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/nct01178554 (first received 10 August 2010).
    1. Weisz JR, Chorpita BF, Palinkas LA, Schoenwald SK, Miranda J, Bearman SK, et al. Testing standard and modular designs for psychotherapy treating depression, anxiety, and conduct problems in youth: a randomized effectiveness trial. Archives of General Psychiatry 2012;69(3):274-82. [DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.147] - DOI - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

ACTRN12613000217707 {unpublished data only}
    1. ACTRN12613000217707. A multi-centre randomised controlled trial of cognitive behavioural therapy for managing anxiety in adolescents with acquired brain injury. www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ACTRN12613000217707 (first received 25 February 2013).
ACTRN12615000730505 {unpublished data only}
    1. ACTRN12615000730505. Cognitive behaviour therapy for comorbid anxiety and sleep disorders: a randomized controlled trial. www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ACTRN12615000730505 (first received 15 July 2015).
ACTRN12619000619145 {unpublished data only}
    1. ACTRN12619000619145. SCAN Study - Self Compassion & Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT): Early family intervention for children with Type 1 diabetes experiencing anxiety. www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ACTRN12619000619145 (first received 26 April 2019).
DRKS00012823 {unpublished data only}
    1. DRKS00012823. Short-term, long-term and cost-effectiveness of treating depression and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents a randomized controlled trial. www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=DRKS00012823 (first received 27 September 2017).
IRCT20181006041250N {unpublished data only}
    1. IRCT20181006041250N1. Effectiveness of coping cat-based cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in group format on treatment of anxiety in children. www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20181006041250N1 (first received 18 October 2018).
ISRCTN59518816 {unpublished data only}
    1. ISRCTN59518816. Does the treatment of anxiety in children with ADHD improve outcomes? www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ISRCTN59518816 (first received 29 September 2015).
JPRN‐UMIN000008724 {unpublished data only}
    1. JPRN-UMIN000008724. Japanese Anxiety Children/Adolescents CBT study. www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=JPRN-UMIN000008724 (first received 27 August 2012).
JPRN‐UMIN000032275 {unpublished data only}
    1. JPRN-UMIN000032275. Transdiagnostic intervention for anxiety and depression in children and adolescents. www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=JPRN-UMIN000032275 (first received 19 April 2018).
JPRN‐UMIN000033218 {unpublished data only}
    1. JPRN-UMIN000033218. The efficacy of group CBT for children with autism spectrum disorder to reduce anxiety symptoms. www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=JPRN-UMIN000033218 (first received 1 July 2018).
NCT02810171 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02810171. Dimensional brain behavior predictors of CBT outcomes in pediatric anxiety. clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct02810171 (first received 20 June 2016).
NCT02977962 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02977962. Treatment of anxiety in late adolescents with autism. clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct02977962 (first received 28 November 2016).
NCT03412227 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03412227. Transdiagnostic individual behavioral activation and exposure therapy. clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct03412227 (first received 15 October 2017).
NCT03899948 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03899948. Teacher anxiety program for elementary students. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03899948 (first received 28 March 2019).

References to ongoing studies

ACTRN12616001552471 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12616001552471. Effectiveness of school group-based acceptance and commitment therapy for children with anxiety: a randomised controlled trial. www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ACTRN12616001552471 (first received 10 November 2016).
NCT02725619 {published data only}
    1. NCT02725619. CBT for anxiety in children with autism. clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct02725619 (first received 1 April 2016).
NCT02908321 {published data only}
    1. Kilburn TR, Sorensen MJ, Thastum M, Rapee RM, Rask CU, Arendt KB, et al. Rationale and design for cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders in children with autism spectrum disorder: a study protocol of a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2018;19:210. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-2591-x] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT02908321. CBT for anxiety disorder in children with co-morbid ASD. clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct02908321 (first received 20 September 2016).
NCT03279471 {published data only}
    1. NCT03279471. Specifying and treating anxiety in autism research. clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct03279471 (first received 12 September 2017).
NCT03585010 {published data only}
    1. NCT03585010. Brain response associated with parent-based treatment for childhood anxiety disorders. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03585010 (first received 12 July 2018).

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