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. 2021 May 22;34(5):494-503.
doi: 10.1093/ajh/hpaa189.

Twenty-Five-Year Changes in Office and Ambulatory Blood Pressure: Results From the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study

Joshua D Bundy  1   2 , Byron C Jaeger  3 , Mark D Huffman  4   5   6 , Sarah S Knox  7 , S Justin Thomas  8 , Daichi Shimbo  9 , John N Booth  10   11 , Cora E Lewis  10 , Lloyd J Edwards  3 , Joseph E Schwartz  12 , Paul Muntner  10
Affiliations

Twenty-Five-Year Changes in Office and Ambulatory Blood Pressure: Results From the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study

Joshua D Bundy et al. Am J Hypertens. .

Abstract

Background: Blood pressure (BP) measured in the office setting increases from early through later adulthood. However, it is unknown to what extent out-of-office BP derived via ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) increases over time, and which participant characteristics and risk factors might contribute to these increases.

Methods: We assessed 25-year change in office- and ABPM-derived BP across sex, race, diabetes mellitus (DM), and body mass index (BMI) subgroups in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study using multivariable-adjusted linear mixed effects models.

Results: We included 288 participants who underwent ABPM at the Year 5 Exam (mean [SD] age, 25.1 [3.7]; 45.8% men) and 455 participants who underwent ABPM at the Year 30 Exam (mean [SD] age, 49.5 [3.7]; 42.0% men). Office, daytime, and nighttime systolic BP (SBP) increased 12.8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.6-17.9), 14.7 (95% CI, 9.7-19.8), and 16.6 (95% CI, 11.4-21.8) mm Hg, respectively, over 25 years. Office SBP increased 6.5 (95% CI, 2.3-10.6) mm Hg more among black compared with white participants. Daytime SBP increased 6.3 (95% CI, 0.2-12.4) mm Hg more among participants with a BMI ≥25 vs. <25 kg/m2. Nighttime SBP increased 4.7 (95% CI, 0.5-8.9) mm Hg more among black compared with white participants, and 17.3 (95% CI, 7.2-27.4) mm Hg more among participants with vs. without DM.

Conclusions: Office- and ABPM-derived BP increased more from early through middle adulthood among black adults and participants with DM and BMI ≥25 kg/m2.

Keywords: aging; ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; blood pressure; epidemiology; health status disparities; hypertension; risk factors.

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Mean office, daytime, and nighttime blood pressure at years 5 and 30 by subgroups. Solid lines indicate SBP among men, black adults, those with DM, and those with BMI ≥25 kg/m2. Dotted lines indicate SBP among women, white adults, those without DM, and those with BMI <25 kg/m2. Dashed lines indicate DBP among men, black adults, those with DM, and those with BMI ≥25 kg/m2. Dash-dotted lines indicate DBP among women, white adults, those without DM, and those with BMI <25 kg/m2. Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
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