Antimicrobial use in wean to market pigs in the United States assessed via voluntary sharing of proprietary data

Abstract

Data on antimicrobial use were collected for the 2016 and 2017 calendar years from swine producers in the United States. Nine large systems, collectively producing over 20 million market pigs annually, voluntarily provided data to advance understanding of antimicrobial use in the industry and to support antimicrobial stewardship initiatives. The scope of the study was limited to growing pigs, and the granularity of data varied across the systems. Data were summarized both qualitatively and quantitatively by antimicrobial class, active ingredient and route of administration (injection, water and feed). Data on the purpose of administration, doses and durations of administration were not available, but some information was provided by the responsible veterinarians. Aggregate data were similar both qualitatively and quantitatively in 2016 and 2017, although marked changes between years were evident within systems for some antimicrobials. Antimicrobial use (by weight) was dominated by the tetracycline class (approximately 60% of total use). Antimicrobials in classes categorized as critically important constituted 4.5% and 5.3% of total use in 2016 and 2017, respectively. In both years, fluoroquinolone (0.23%, 0.46%) and 3rd generation cephalosporin (0.15%, 0.11%) use collectively accounted for <1% of total use. Administration was predominantly oral in feed and water, and injection comprised approximately 2% of use overall, but around 12% for critically important antimicrobials. There was considerable variability among systems in patterns of antimicrobial use. This pilot project demonstrates the feasibility of acquiring antimicrobial use data via voluntary sharing. It is currently being expanded among larger swine production systems, and further efforts to enable confidential data sharing and benchmarking for smaller producers are being pursued by the swine industry. Recognized biases in the data caution against over-interpretation of these data as an index of national use.

Keywords: antimicrobial use; growing pigs; resistance; stewardship.

FIGURE 1

Relative use of antimicrobial classes among production systems (A through I) in 2016 and 2017

FIGURE 2

Relative use (% of total weight of active ingredients) of antimicrobial classes by category of medical importance among production systems (A through I) in 2016 and 2017

FIGURE 3

Use (mg of active ingredient/kg liveweight marketed) for highly important antimicrobials across systems using chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, lincomycin and penicillin. For each antimicrobial, systems are ordered by use in 2016, and vertical scales are varied by graph

FIGURE 4

Use (mg of active ingredient/kg liveweight marketed) for critically important antimicrobials across systems using enrofloxacin, ceftiofur, tylosin and tilmicosin. For each antimicrobial, systems are ordered by use in 2016, and vertical scales are varied by graph