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Meta-Analysis
. 2020 Nov 17;11(11):CD003412.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003412.pub3.

Interventions for basal cell carcinoma of the skin

Jason Thomson  1 , Sarah Hogan  1 , Jo Leonardi-Bee  2 , Hywel C Williams  3 , Fiona J Bath-Hextall  4
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Interventions for basal cell carcinoma of the skin

Jason Thomson et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the commonest cancer affecting white-skinned individuals, and worldwide incidence is increasing. Although rarely fatal, BCC is associated with significant morbidity and costs. First-line treatment is usually surgical excision, but alternatives are available. New published studies and the development of non-surgical treatments meant an update of our Cochrane Review (first published in 2003, and previously updated in 2007) was timely.

Objectives: To assess the effects of interventions for BCC in immunocompetent adults.

Search methods: We updated our searches of the following databases to November 2019: Cochrane Skin Group Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and LILACS.

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of interventions for BCC in immunocompetent adults with histologically-proven, primary BCC. Eligible comparators were placebo, active treatment, other treatments, or no treatment.

Data collection and analysis: We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. Primary outcome measures were recurrence at three years and five years (measured clinically) (we included recurrence data outside of these time points if there was no measurement at three or five years) and participant- and observer-rated good/excellent cosmetic outcome. Secondary outcomes included pain during and after treatment, early treatment failure within six months, and adverse effects (AEs). We used GRADE to assess evidence certainty for each outcome.

Main results: We included 52 RCTs (26 new) involving 6690 participants (median 89) in this update. All studies recruited from secondary care outpatient clinics. More males than females were included. Study duration ranged from six weeks to 10 years (average 13 months). Most studies (48/52) included only low-risk BCC (superficial (sBCC) and nodular (nBCC) histological subtypes). The majority of studies were at low or unclear risk of bias for most domains. Twenty-two studies were industry-funded: commercial sponsors conducted most of the studies assessing imiquimod, and just under half of the photodynamic therapy (PDT) studies. Overall, surgical interventions have the lowest recurrence rates. For high-risk facial BCC (high-risk histological subtype or located in the facial 'H-zone' or both), there may be slightly fewer recurrences with Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) compared to surgical excision (SE) at three years (1.9% versus 2.9%, respectively) (risk ratio (RR) 0.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.16 to 2.64; 1 study, 331 participants; low-certainty evidence) and at five years (3.2% versus 5.2%, respectively) (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.18 to 2.04; 1 study, 259 participants; low-certainty evidence). However, the 95% CI also includes the possibility of increased risk of recurrence and no difference between treatments. There may be little to no difference regarding improvement of cosmetic outcomes between MMS and SE, judged by participants and observers 18 months post-operatively (one study; low-certainty evidence); however, no raw data were available for this outcome. When comparing imiquimod and SE for nBCC or sBCC at low-risk sites, imiquimod probably results in more recurrences than SE at three years (16.4% versus 1.6%, respectively) (RR 10.30, 95% CI 3.22 to 32.94; 1 study, 401 participants; moderate-certainty evidence) and five years (17.5% versus 2.3%, respectively) (RR 7.73, 95% CI 2.81 to 21.3; 1 study, 383 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). There may be little to no difference in the number of participant-rated good/excellent cosmetic outcomes (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.06; 1 study, 326 participants; low-certainty evidence). However, imiquimod may result in greater numbers of good/excellent cosmetic outcomes compared to SE when observer-rated (60.6% versus 35.6%, respectively) (RR 1.70, 95% CI 1.35 to 2.15; 1 study, 344 participants; low-certainty evidence). Both cosmetic outcomes were measured at three years. Based on one study of 347 participants with high- and low-risk primary BCC of the face, radiotherapy may result in more recurrences compared to SE under frozen section margin control at three years (5.2% versus 0%, respectively) (RR 19.11, 95% CI 1.12 to 325.78; low-certainty evidence) and at four years (6.4% versus 0.6%, respectively) (RR 11.06, 95% CI 1.44 to 84.77; low-certainty evidence). Radiotherapy probably results in a smaller number of good participant- (RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.91; 50.3% versus 66.1%, respectively) or observer-rated (RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.62; 28.9% versus 60.3%, respectively) good/excellent cosmetic outcomes compared to SE, when measured at four years, where dyspigmentation and telangiectasia can occur (both moderate-certainty evidence). Methyl-aminolevulinate (MAL)-PDT may result in more recurrences compared to SE at three years (36.4% versus 0%, respectively) (RR 26.47, 95% CI 1.63 to 429.92; 1 study; 68 participants with low-risk nBCC in the head and neck area; low-certainty evidence). There were no useable data for measurement at five years. MAL-PDT probably results in greater numbers of participant- (RR 1.18, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.27; 97.3% versus 82.5%) or observer-rated (RR 1.87, 95% CI 1.54 to 2.26; 87.1% versus 46.6%) good/excellent cosmetic outcomes at one year compared to SE (2 studies, 309 participants with low-risk nBCC and sBCC; moderate-certainty evidence). Based on moderate-certainty evidence (single low-risk sBCC), imiquimod probably results in fewer recurrences at three years compared to MAL-PDT (22.8% versus 51.6%, respectively) (RR 0.44, 95% CI 0.32 to 0.62; 277 participants) and five years (28.6% versus 68.6%, respectively) (RR 0.42, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.57; 228 participants). There is probably little to no difference in numbers of observer-rated good/excellent cosmetic outcomes at one year (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.16; 370 participants). Participant-rated cosmetic outcomes were not measured for this comparison. AEs with surgical interventions include wound infections, graft necrosis and post-operative bleeding. Local AEs such as itching, weeping, pain and redness occur frequently with non-surgical interventions. Treatment-related AEs resulting in study modification or withdrawal occurred with imiquimod and MAL-PDT.

Authors' conclusions: Surgical interventions have the lowest recurrence rates, and there may be slightly fewer recurrences with MMS over SE for high-risk facial primary BCC (low-certainty evidence). Non-surgical treatments, when used for low-risk BCC, are less effective than surgical treatments, but recurrence rates are acceptable and cosmetic outcomes are probably superior. Of the non-surgical treatments, imiquimod has the best evidence to support its efficacy. Overall, evidence certainty was low to moderate. Priorities for future research include core outcome measures and studies with longer-term follow-up.

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Conflict of interest statement

Jason Thomson: none known Sarah Hogan: none known Jo Leonardi‐Bee: none known Hywel C Williams and Fiona J Bath‐Hextall were involved in the SINS trial that compared topical imiquimod versus surgery and is a trial that is included in this review (Bath‐Hextall 2014). The trial was funded by Cancer Research UK, a UK cancer charity. They were not involved in extracting data from the trial nor commenting on the evidence from this trial. Neither the charity, Fiona J Bath‐Hextall or Hywel Williams have any links with industry.

Figures

1
1
PRISMA study flow diagram.
2
2
'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Mohs micrographic surgery vs surgical excision, Outcome 1: Recurrence at 3 years (lesions)
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Mohs micrographic surgery vs surgical excision, Outcome 2: Recurrence at 5 years (lesions)
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Imiquimod vs surgical excision, Outcome 1: Recurrence at 3 years
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: Imiquimod vs surgical excision, Outcome 2: Recurrence at 5 years
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: Imiquimod vs surgical excision, Outcome 3: Cosmetic outcome (good/excellent)
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2: Imiquimod vs surgical excision, Outcome 4: Pain (moderate/severe)
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: Radiotherapy vs surgical excision (with or without frozen section margin control), Outcome 1: Recurrence at 3 years
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3: Radiotherapy vs surgical excision (with or without frozen section margin control), Outcome 2: Recurrence at 4 years
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3: Radiotherapy vs surgical excision (with or without frozen section margin control), Outcome 3: Cosmetic outcome (good)
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4: Curettage vs surgical excision, Outcome 1: Recurrence at 2 years (lesions)
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5: Curettage and cautery vs surgical excision, Outcome 1: Recurrence at 2 years (lesions)
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6: Curettage and cautery vs curettage, Outcome 1: Recurrence at 2 years (lesions)
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7: Low dose radiotherapy vs high dose radiotherapy, Outcome 1: Early treatment failure
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8: Radiotherapy vs cryosurgery, Outcome 1: Recurrence at 2 years
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9: Curettage and cryosurgery vs surgical excision, Outcome 1: Recurrence at 3 years (lesions)
9.2
9.2. Analysis
Comparison 9: Curettage and cryosurgery vs surgical excision, Outcome 2: Recurrence at 5 years (lesions)
9.3
9.3. Analysis
Comparison 9: Curettage and cryosurgery vs surgical excision, Outcome 3: Cosmetic outcome (good)
10.1
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10: MAL‐PDT vs surgical excision, Outcome 1: Recurrence at 3 years (lesions)
10.2
10.2. Analysis
Comparison 10: MAL‐PDT vs surgical excision, Outcome 2: Cosmetic outcome (good/excellent)
10.3
10.3. Analysis
Comparison 10: MAL‐PDT vs surgical excision, Outcome 3: Pain
10.4
10.4. Analysis
Comparison 10: MAL‐PDT vs surgical excision, Outcome 4: Early treatment failure (lesions)
11.1
11.1. Analysis
Comparison 11: ALA‐PDT vs surgical excision, Outcome 1: Recurrence at 3 years (lesions)
11.2
11.2. Analysis
Comparison 11: ALA‐PDT vs surgical excision, Outcome 2: Recurrence at 5 years (lesions)
11.3
11.3. Analysis
Comparison 11: ALA‐PDT vs surgical excision, Outcome 3: Early treatment failure
12.1
12.1. Analysis
Comparison 12: ALA‐PDT vs MAL‐PDT, Outcome 1: Cosmetic outcome (good/very good)
12.2
12.2. Analysis
Comparison 12: ALA‐PDT vs MAL‐PDT, Outcome 2: Pain (visual analogue score)
12.3
12.3. Analysis
Comparison 12: ALA‐PDT vs MAL‐PDT, Outcome 3: Pain (numerical rating scale)
12.4
12.4. Analysis
Comparison 12: ALA‐PDT vs MAL‐PDT, Outcome 4: Early treatment failure
13.1
13.1. Analysis
Comparison 13: BF‐200 ALA‐PDT vs MAL‐PDT, Outcome 1: Early treatment failure
14.1
14.1. Analysis
Comparison 14: HAL‐PDT vs MAL‐PDT, Outcome 1: Early treatment failure
15.1
15.1. Analysis
Comparison 15: HAL‐PDT vs BF‐200 ALA‐PDT, Outcome 1: Early treatment failure
16.1
16.1. Analysis
Comparison 16: MAL‐PDT vs cryosurgery, Outcome 1: Recurrence at 3 years (lesions)
16.2
16.2. Analysis
Comparison 16: MAL‐PDT vs cryosurgery, Outcome 2: Recurrence at 5 years (lesions)
16.3
16.3. Analysis
Comparison 16: MAL‐PDT vs cryosurgery, Outcome 3: Cosmetic outcome (good/excellent)
16.4
16.4. Analysis
Comparison 16: MAL‐PDT vs cryosurgery, Outcome 4: Pain
16.5
16.5. Analysis
Comparison 16: MAL‐PDT vs cryosurgery, Outcome 5: Early treatment failure (lesions)
17.1
17.1. Analysis
Comparison 17: ALA‐PDT vs cryosurgery, Outcome 1: Cosmetic outcome (good/excellent)
17.2
17.2. Analysis
Comparison 17: ALA‐PDT vs cryosurgery, Outcome 2: Pain
18.1
18.1. Analysis
Comparison 18: Imiquimod cream vs MAL‐PDT, Outcome 1: Recurrence at 3 years
18.2
18.2. Analysis
Comparison 18: Imiquimod cream vs MAL‐PDT, Outcome 2: Recurrence at 5 years
18.3
18.3. Analysis
Comparison 18: Imiquimod cream vs MAL‐PDT, Outcome 3: Cosmetic outcome (good/excellent, observer rated at 1 year)
18.4
18.4. Analysis
Comparison 18: Imiquimod cream vs MAL‐PDT, Outcome 4: Pain (moderate/severe)
18.5
18.5. Analysis
Comparison 18: Imiquimod cream vs MAL‐PDT, Outcome 5: Early treatment failure
19.1
19.1. Analysis
Comparison 19: 5‐FU cream vs MAL‐PDT, Outcome 1: Recurrence at 3 years
19.2
19.2. Analysis
Comparison 19: 5‐FU cream vs MAL‐PDT, Outcome 2: Recurrence at 5 years
19.3
19.3. Analysis
Comparison 19: 5‐FU cream vs MAL‐PDT, Outcome 3: Cosmetic outcome (good/excellent, observer rated at 1 year)
19.4
19.4. Analysis
Comparison 19: 5‐FU cream vs MAL‐PDT, Outcome 4: Pain (moderate/severe)
19.5
19.5. Analysis
Comparison 19: 5‐FU cream vs MAL‐PDT, Outcome 5: Early treatment failure
20.1
20.1. Analysis
Comparison 20: Laser ALA‐PDT vs broadband light ALA‐PDT, Outcome 1: Cosmetic outcome (good/excellent, observer rated at 6 months)
20.2
20.2. Analysis
Comparison 20: Laser ALA‐PDT vs broadband light ALA‐PDT, Outcome 2: Pain
21.1
21.1. Analysis
Comparison 21: AFXL MAL‐PDT vs MAL‐PDT, Outcome 1: Cosmetic outcome (good/excellent)
21.2
21.2. Analysis
Comparison 21: AFXL MAL‐PDT vs MAL‐PDT, Outcome 2: Early treatment failure
22.1
22.1. Analysis
Comparison 22: MAL‐PDT vs placebo, Outcome 1: Cosmetic outcome (good/excellent, observer rated at 6 months))
22.2
22.2. Analysis
Comparison 22: MAL‐PDT vs placebo, Outcome 2: Pain (frequency reported as local AE)
22.3
22.3. Analysis
Comparison 22: MAL‐PDT vs placebo, Outcome 3: Early treatment failure (lesions)
23.1
23.1. Analysis
Comparison 23: Imiquimod cream vs 5‐FU cream, Outcome 1: Recurrence at 3 years
23.2
23.2. Analysis
Comparison 23: Imiquimod cream vs 5‐FU cream, Outcome 2: Recurrence at 5 years
23.3
23.3. Analysis
Comparison 23: Imiquimod cream vs 5‐FU cream, Outcome 3: Cosmetic outcome (good/excellent, observer rated at 1 year)
23.4
23.4. Analysis
Comparison 23: Imiquimod cream vs 5‐FU cream, Outcome 4: Pain (moderate/severe)
23.5
23.5. Analysis
Comparison 23: Imiquimod cream vs 5‐FU cream, Outcome 5: Early treatment failure
24.1
24.1. Analysis
Comparison 24: Imiquimod vs radiotherapy, Outcome 1: Cosmetic outcome (excellent, participant rated at 6 weeks)
25.1
25.1. Analysis
Comparison 25: Imiquimod cream under occlusion vs no occlusion, Outcome 1: Early treatment failure
26.1
26.1. Analysis
Comparison 26: Imiquimod cream vs vehicle, Outcome 1: Early treatment failure
27.1
27.1. Analysis
Comparison 27: Imiquimod 5 weeks vs 8 weeks, Outcome 1: Recurrence at 1 year
28.1
28.1. Analysis
Comparison 28: Imiquimod 8 weeks vs 12 weeks, Outcome 1: Early treatment failure
29.1
29.1. Analysis
Comparison 29: 5‐FU in PC vs 5‐FU in petrolatum, Outcome 1: Early treatment failure (lesions)
30.1
30.1. Analysis
Comparison 30: 5‐FU/epinephrine gel (1.0 mL once a week for 6 weeks vs 0.5 mL once a week for 6 weeks, Outcome 1: Early treatment failure
31.1
31.1. Analysis
Comparison 31: 5‐FU/epinephrine gel(1.0 mL twice a week for 3 weeks vs 0.5 mL twice a week for 3 weeks), Outcome 1: Early treatment failure
32.1
32.1. Analysis
Comparison 32: 5‐FU/epinephrine gel(0.5ml twice a week for 4 weeks vs 0.5 mL three times a week for 2 weeks., Outcome 1: Early treatment failure
33.1
33.1. Analysis
Comparison 33: Electrochemotherapy vs surgical excision, Outcome 1: Recurrence at 3 years
33.2
33.2. Analysis
Comparison 33: Electrochemotherapy vs surgical excision, Outcome 2: Recurrence at 5 years
34.1
34.1. Analysis
Comparison 34: Ingenol vs vehicle (day 1+2), Outcome 1: Early treatment failure
35.1
35.1. Analysis
Comparison 35: Ingenol vs vehicle (day 1+8), Outcome 1: Early treatment failure
36.1
36.1. Analysis
Comparison 36: Ingenol under occlusion vs no occlusion, Outcome 1: Early treatment failure
37.1
37.1. Analysis
Comparison 37: Solasodine glycoside cream vs vehicle, Outcome 1: Early treatment failure
38.1
38.1. Analysis
Comparison 38: Valproic acid gel + Tazarotene gel vs placebo + Tazarotene, Outcome 1: Early treatment failure
39.1
39.1. Analysis
Comparison 39: Diclofenac gel vs calcitriol ointment, Outcome 1: Early treatment failure
40.1
40.1. Analysis
Comparison 40: Diclofenac gel vs diclofenac+calcitriol, Outcome 1: Early treatment failure
41.1
41.1. Analysis
Comparison 41: Calcitriol ointment vs calcitriol+diclofenac, Outcome 1: Early treatment failure
42.1
42.1. Analysis
Comparison 42: PDL one session vs PDL two sessions, Outcome 1: Early treatment failure
43.1
43.1. Analysis
Comparison 43: PDL 7mm spot‐size single pulses vs PDL 10mm spot‐size stacked pulses, Outcome 1: Early treatment failure (lesions)
44.1
44.1. Analysis
Comparison 44: PDL vs sham laser, Outcome 1: Early treatment failure (lesions)
45.1
45.1. Analysis
Comparison 45: PDL vs no treatment, Outcome 1: Early treatment failure
46.1
46.1. Analysis
Comparison 46: Interferon alpha 2b vs placebo, Outcome 1: Early treatment failure
47.1
47.1. Analysis
Comparison 47: Interferon beta vs placebo, Outcome 1: Early treatment failure
48.1
48.1. Analysis
Comparison 48: Interferon alpha 2a+2b vs interferon alpha 2a, Outcome 1: Early treatment failure
49.1
49.1. Analysis
Comparison 49: Interferon alpha 2a+2b vs interferon alpha 2b, Outcome 1: Early treatment failure
50.1
50.1. Analysis
Comparison 50: Interferon alpha 2b vs interferon alpha 2a, Outcome 1: Early treatment failure
51.1
51.1. Analysis
Comparison 51: 3x a week vs single dose protamine zinc chelate IFN alpha 2b, Outcome 1: Early treatment failure
52.1
52.1. Analysis
Comparison 52: Topical sinecatechin vs placebo, Outcome 1: Early treatment failure
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

Comment in

References

References to studies included in this review

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    1. Eimpunth S, Oganesyan G, Hamman MS, Lee RA, Jiang SI, Kim SS. Effectiveness of a 595-nm pulsed dye laser for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma using 1 stacked-pulse session. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2014;70(5 (S1)):AB134. [CENTRAL: CN-01057471]
Ezughah 2008 {published data only}
    1. Ezughah FI, Dawe RS, Ibbotson SH, Fleming CJ. A randomized parallel study to assess the safety and efficacy of two different dosing regimens of 5% imiquimod in the treatment of superficial basal cell carcinoma. Journal of Dermatological Treatment 2008;19(2):111-7. [CENTRAL: CN-00706567] - PubMed
Foley 2009a {published data only}
    1. Foley P, Freeman M, Menter A, Siller G, El-Azhary RA, Gebauer K, et al. Photodynamic therapy with methyl aminolevulinate from primary nodular basal cell carcinoma:results of two randomized studies. International Journal of Dermatology 2009;48(11):1236-45. [CENTRAL: CN-00734005] - PubMed
    1. Foley P, Freeman M, Siller G, Gebauer K, Murrell D, Barnetson R, et al. A phase III randomized study comparing photodynamic therapy (PDT) using methyl aminolevulinate or placebo cream in nodular basal cell carcinoma (NBCC). Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 2003;17(Suppl 3):231. [CENTRAL: CN-00478536]
Foley 2009b {published data only}
    1. Foley P, Freeman M, Menter A, Siller G, El‐Azhary RA, Gebauer K, et al. Photodynamic therapy with methyl aminolevulinate from primary nodular basal cell carcinoma:results of two randomized studies. International Journal of Dermatology 2009;48(11):1236-45. [CENTRAL: CN-00734005] - PubMed
    1. Tope WD, Menter A, El Azhary R, Soto P. A comparison of topical MAL-PDT versus placebo-PDT in nodular basal cell carcinoma: results of a North American study. In: 7th Asian Congress of Dermatology incorporating the 5th Regional Conference of Paediatric Dermatology; 2005 Sep 28-Oct 03; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 2005:376. [CENTRAL: CN-00602617]
Garcia‐Martin 2011 {published data only}
    1. Garcia-Martin E, Gil-Arribas LM, Idoipe M, Alfaro J, Pueyo V, Pablo LE, et al. Comparison of imiquimod 5% cream versus radiotherapy as treatment for eyelid basal cell carcinoma. British Journal of Ophthalmology 2011;95(10):1393-6. [CENTRAL: CN-00801928] - PubMed
Geisse 2002 {published data only}
    1. Geisse JK, Marks R, Owens ML, Andres K, Ginkel AM. Imiquimod 5% cream for 12 weeks treating superficial BCC. In: The 8th World Congress on Cancer of the Skin; 2001 July 18-21; Zurich, Switzerland. 2001:P58. [CENTRAL: CN-00520431]
    1. Geisse JK, Rich P, Pandya A, Gross K, Andres K, Ginkel A, et al. Imiquimod 5% cream for the treatment of superficial basal cell carcinoma: a randomized, vehicle-controlled study. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2002;47(3):390-8. [CENTRAL: CN-00390933] - PubMed
Geisse 2004 {published data only}
    1. Geisse J, Caro I, Lindholm J, Golitz L, Stampone P, Owens M. Imiquimod 5% cream for the treatment of superficial basal cell carcinoma: results from two phase III, randomized, vehicle-controlled studies. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2004;50(5):722-33. [CENTRAL: CN-00469536] - PubMed
Haak 2015 {published data only}
    1. Haak CS, Togsverd-Bo K, Thaysen-Petersen D, Wulf HC, Paasch U, Anderson RR, et al. Fractional laser-mediated photodynamic therapy of high-risk basal cell carcinomas - a randomized clinical trial. British Journal of Dermatology 2015;172(1):215-22. [CENTRAL: CN-01039978] - PubMed
Hall 1986 {published data only}
    1. Hall VL, Leppard BJ, McGill J, Kesseler ME, White JE, Goodwin P. Treatment of basal cell carcinoma: comparison of radiotherapy and cryotherapy. Clinical Radiology 1986;37(1):33-4. [CENTRAL: CN-00478536] - PubMed
Karsai 2015 {published data only}
    1. Karsai S, Friedl H, Buhck H, Jünger M, Podda M. The role of the 595-nm pulsed dye laser in treating superficial basal cell carcinoma: Outcome of a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. British Journal of Dermatology 2015;172(3):677-83. [CENTRAL: CN-01068975] - PubMed
Kessels 2017 {published data only}
    1. Kessels J, Voeten L, Nelemans P, Cleutjens J, Hillen LM, Mosterd K, et al. Topical sinecatechins, 10%, ointment for superficial basal cell carcinoma: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Dermatology 2017;153(10):1061-3. [CENTRAL: CN-01420948] - PMC - PubMed
Kessels 2018 {published data only}
    1. Kessels JP, Kreukels H, Nelemans PJ, Roozeboom MH, Pelt H, Mosterd K, et al. Treatment of superficial basal cell carcinoma by topical photodynamic therapy with fractionated 5‐aminolaevulinic acid 20% vs. two‐stage topical methyl aminolaevulinate: results of a randomized controlled trial. British Journal of Dermatology 2018;178(5):1056-63. [CENTRAL: CN-01991773] - PubMed
Kuijpers 2006 {published data only}
    1. Kuijpers DI, Thissen MR, Thissen CA, Neumann MH. Similar effectiveness of methyl aminolevulinate and 5-aminolevulinate in topical photodynamic therapy for nodular basal cell carcinoma. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 2006;5(7):642-5. [CENTRAL: CN-00566805] - PubMed
Kuijpers 2007 {published data only}
    1. Kuijpers DI, Thissen MR, Berretty PJ, Ideler FH, Nelemans PJ, Neumann MH. Surgical excision versus curettage plus cryosurgery in the treatment of basal cell carcinoma. Dermatologic Surgery 2007;33(5):579-87. [CENTRAL: CN-00588176] - PubMed
    1. Thissen MR, Nieman FH, Ideler AH, Berretty PJ, Neumann HA. Cosmetic results of cryosurgery versus surgical excision for primary uncomplicated basal cell carcinomas of the head and neck. Dermatologic Surgery 2000;26(8):759-64. [CENTRAL: CN-00298974] - PubMed
Landthaler 1989 {published data only}
    1. Landthaler M, Braun-Falco O. Use of the TDF factor in soft roentgen radiotherapy [Anwendung des TDF-Faktors in der Röntgenweichstrahlentherapie]. Hautarzt 1989;40(12):774-7. [CENTRAL: CN-00194309] [PMID: ] - PubMed
Marks 2001 {published data only}
    1. Marks R, Gebauer K, Shumack S, Amies M, Bryden J, Fox TL, et al. Imiquimod 5% cream in the treatment of superficial basal cell carcinoma: Results of a multicentre 6-week dose-response trial. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2001;44(5):807-13. [CENTRAL: CN-00326531] - PubMed
Miller 1997 {published data only}
    1. Miller BH, Shavin JS, Cognetta A, Taylor RJ, Salasche S, Korey A, et al. Nonsurgical treatment of basal cell carcinomas with intralesional 5-fluorouracil/epinephrine injectable gel. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1997;36(1):72-7. [CENTRAL: CN-00135753] - PubMed
Morton 2018 {published data only}
    1. Morton CA, Dominicus R, Radny P, Dirschka T, Hauschild A, Reinhold U, et al. A randomized, multi-national, non-inferiority, phase III trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of BF-200 ALA gel versus MAL cream in the treatment of non-aggressive basal cell carcinoma with photodynamic therapy (PDT). British Journal of Dermatology 2018;179(2):309-19. [CENTRAL: CN-02000788] [PMID: ] - PubMed
Mosterd 2008 {published data only}
    1. Mosterd K, Thissen MR, Nelemans P, Kelleners‐Smeets NW, Janssen RL, Broekhof KG, et al. Fractionated 5-aminolaevulinic acid-photodynamic therapy vs. surgical excision in the treatment of nodular basal cell carcinoma: results of a randomized controlled trial. British Journal of Dermatology 2008;159(4):864-70. [CENTRAL: CN-00667266] - PubMed
    1. Roozeboom MH, Aardoom MA, Nelemans PJ, Thissen MR, Kelleners-Smeets NW, Kuijpers DI, et al. Fractionated 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy after partial debulking versus surgical excision for nodular basal cell carcinoma: a randomized controlled trial with at least 5-year follow-up. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology August 2013;69(2):280-7. [CENTRAL: CN-00876800] [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.03.043] - DOI - PubMed
Punjabi 2008 {published data only}
    1. Punjabi S, Cook LJ, Kersey P, Marks R, Cerio R. Solasodine glycoalkaloids: a novel topical therapy for basal cell carcinoma. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel group, multicentre study. International Journal of Dermatology 2008;47(1):78-82. [CENTRAL: CN-00629144] - PubMed
    1. Punjabi S, Cook LJ, Kersey P, Marks R, Finlay A, Sharp G, et al. A double-blind, multicentre parallel group study of BEC-5 cream in basal cell carcinoma. European Academy of Dermatology & Venereology 2000;14(Suppl 1):49. [CENTRAL: CN-01616931]
Rhodes 2004 {published data only}
    1. Rhodes LE, Rie M, Enström Y, Groves R, Morken T, Goulden V, et al. Photodynamic therapy using topical methyl aminolevulinate vs surgery for nodular basal cell carcinoma. Archives of Dermatology 2004;140(1):17-23. [CENTRAL: CN-00460094] - PubMed
    1. Rhodes LE, Rie MA, Leifsdottir R, Yu RC, Bachmann I, Goulden V, et al. Five year follow-up of a randomized, prospective trial of topical methyl aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy vs surgery for nodular basal cell carcinoma. Archives of Dermatology 2007;143(9):1131-6. [CENTRAL: CN-00612111] - PubMed
Rogozinski 1997 {published data only}
    1. Rogozinski TT, Jablonska S, Brzoska IM, Wohr C, Gaus W. Intralesional treatment with recombinant interferon beta is an effective alternative for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study. [Doogniskowe podawanie rekombinantowego interferonu beta. Skuteczna alternatywa w leczeniu basalimoma (wyniki podwojnie slepej proby)]. Przeglad Dermatologiczny 1997;84(3):259-63. [CENTRAL: CN-00193051]
Romagosa 2000 {published data only}
    1. Romagosa R, Saap L, Givens M, Salvarrey A, He JL, Hsia SL, et al. A pilot study to evaluate the treatment of basal cell carcinoma with 5-fluorouracil using phosphatidyl choline as a transepidermal carrier. Dermatologic Surgery 2000;26(4):338-40. [CENTRAL: CN-00296475] - PubMed
Salmanpoor 2012 {published data only}
    1. Salmanpoor R, Motevalli D, Saki N, Saki M. Efficacy of excisional surgery, curettage and combined curettage and electrodessication in treatment of basal cell carcinoma. Iranian Journal of Dermatology 2012;15(2):66-7. [CENTRAL: CN-00908884]
Salmivuori 2019 {published data only}
    1. Salmivuori MK, Grönroos M, Tani T, Pölönen I, Räsänen J, Annala L, et al. Hexylaminolevulinate and aminolevulinic acid nanoemulsion have similar tolerability, initial efficacy and cosmetic outcome as methylaminolevulinate in photodynamic therapy of basal cell carcinoma in a prospective randomized double-blinded trial. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2019;139(9):S234. [CENTRAL: CN-01978390] [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.07.119] - DOI
Schulze 2005 {published data only}
    1. Schulze HJ, Cribier B, Requena L, Reifenberger J, Ferrandiz C, Diez G, et al. Imiquimod 5% cream for the treatment of superficial basal cell carcinoma: results from a randomized vehicle-controlled phase III study in Europe. British Journal of Dermatology 2005;152(5):939-47. [CENTRAL: CN-00513173] - PubMed
Shumack 2002a {published data only}
    1. Shumack S, Marks R, Amies M, Andres K, Ginkel AM. Imiquimod 5% cream for 6 weeks treating nodular BCC. 8th World Congress on Cancers of the Skin, Zurich, Switzerland 2001;-:p55. [CENTRAL: CN-00849091]
    1. Shumack S, Robinson J, Kossard S, Golitz L, Greenway H, Schroeter A, et al. Efficacy of topical 5% imiquimod cream for the treatment of nodular basal cell carcinoma: comparison of dosing regimens. Archives of Dermatology 2002;138(9):1165-71. [CENTRAL: CN-00398024] - PubMed
Shumack 2002b {published data only}
    1. Robinson JK, Marks R, Owens ML, Andres K, Ginkel AM. Imiquimod 5% cream for 12 weeks treating nodular BCC. 8th World Congress on Cancer of the Skin, Zurich, Switzerland 2001;-(-):p57. [CENTRAL: CN-00849091]
    1. Schumack S, Robinson J, Kossard S, Golitz L, Greenway H, Schroeter, A et al. Efficacy of topical 5% imiquimod cream for the treatment of nodular basal cell carcinoma. Archives of Dermatology 2002;138(9):1165-71. [CENTRAL: CN-00398024] - PubMed
Siller 2010 {published data only}
    1. Siller G, Rosen R, Freeman M, Welburn P, Katsamas J, Ogbourne SM. PEP005 (Ingenol mebutate) gel for the topical treatment of superficial basal cell carcinoma: results of a randomised phase IIa trial. Australasian Journal of Dermatology 2010;51(2):99-105. [CENTRAL: CN-00771587] - PubMed
Smeets 2004 {published data only}
    1. Essers BA, Dirksen CD, Nieman FH, Smeets NW, Krekels GA, Prins MH, et al. Cost-effectiveness of Mohs micrographic surgery vs surgical excision for basal cell carcinoma of the face. Archives of Dermatology 2006;142(2):187-94. [CENTRAL: CN-00555278] - PubMed
    1. Mosterd K, Krekels GA, Nieman FH, Ostertag JU, Essers BA, Dirksen CD, et al. Surgical excision versus Mohs' micrographic surgery for primary and recurrent basal-cell carcinoma of the face: a prospective randomised controlled trial with 5-years' follow-up. Lancet Oncology 2008;9(12):1149-56. [CENTRAL: CN-00665334] - PubMed
    1. Smeets NW, Krekels GA, Ostertag JU, Essers BA, Dirksen CD, Nieman FH, et al. Surgical excision vs Mohs' micrographic surgery for basal-cell carcinoma of the face: randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2004;364(9447):1766-72. [CENTRAL: CN-00492695] - PubMed
    1. Van Loo E, Mosterd K, Krekels GA, Roozeboom MH, Ostertag JU, Dirksen CD, et al. Surgical excision versus Mohs' micrographic surgery for basal cell carcinoma of the face: A randomised clinical trial with 10 year follow-up. European Journal of Cancer 2014;50(17):3011-20. [CENTRAL: CN-01043314] - PubMed
Soler 2000 {published data only}
    1. Soler AM, Angell-Petersen E, Warloe T, Tausjo J, Steen HB, Moan J, et al. Photodynamic therapy of superficial basal cell carcinoma with 5-aminolevulinic acid with dimethylsulfoxide and ethylendiaminetetraacetic acid: A comparison of two light sources. Photochemistry and Photobiology 2000;71(6):724-9. [CENTRAL: CN-00297518] - PubMed
Spelman 2014 {published data only}
    1. Rosen R, Freeman M, Zibert JR, Katsamas J, Knudsen KM, Spelman L. Ingenol mebutate 0.05% gel under occlusion is efficacious in treating superficial basal cell carcinoma. British Journal of Dermatology 2014;171(Suppl 4):50. [CENTRAL: CN-01057057]
Sterry 2002a {published data only}
    1. Sterry W, Bichel J, Andres K, Ginkel AM. Imiquimod 5% cream for 6 weeks with occlusion treating superficial BCC. In: 8th World Congress on cancers of the skin, Zurich, Switzerland. 2001:61. [CENTRAL: CN-00478768]
    1. Sterry W, Bichel J, Ding L, Ginkel AM. Imiquimod 5% cream for 6 weeks with occlusion treating nodular BCC. In: 8th World Congress on Cancer of the skin, Zurich, Switzerland. 2001.
    1. Sterry W, Ruzicka T, Herrera E, Takwale A, Bichel J, Andres K, et al. Imiquimod 5% cream for the treatment of superficial and nodular basal cell carcinoma: randomized studies comparing low-frequency dosing with and without occlusion. British Journal of Dermatology 2002;147(6):1227-36. [CENTRAL: CN-00411766] [PMID: ] - PubMed
Sterry 2002b {published data only}
    1. Sterry W, Bichel J, Andres K, Ginkel AM. Imiquimod 5% cream for 6 weeks with occlusion treating superficial BCC. 8th World Congress on cancers of the skin, Zurich, Switzerland 2001;-(-):p61. [CENTRAL: CN-00478768]
    1. Sterry W, Bichel J, Ding L, Ginkel AM. Imiquimod 5% cream for 6 weeks with occlusion treating nodular BCC. In: 8th World Congress on Cancer of the skin, Zurich, Switzerland. 2001.
    1. Sterry W, Ruzicka T, Herrera E, Takwale A, Bichel J, Andres K, et al. Imiquimod 5% cream for the treatment of superficial and nodular basal cell carcinoma: randomized studies comparing low-frequency dosing with and without occlusion. British Journal of Dermatology 2002;147(6):1227-36. [CENTRAL: CN-00411766] - PubMed
Szeimies 2008 {published data only}
    1. Szeimies RM, Ibbotson S, Murrell DF, Rubel D, Frambach Y, De Berker D, et al. A clinical study comparing methyl aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy and surgery in small superficial basal cell carcinoma (8-20mm), with a 12-month follow-up. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 2008;22(11):1302-11. [CENTRAL: CN-00668334] - PubMed
Tran 2012 {published data only}
    1. Tran HT, Lee RA, Oganesyan G, Jiang SB. Single treatment of non-melanoma skin cancers using a pulsed-dye laser with stacked pulses. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine 2012;44(6):459-67. [CENTRAL: CN-00969795] - PubMed
Wang 2001 {published data only}
    1. Wang I, Bendsoe N, Klinteberg CA, Enejder AM, Andersson‐Engels S, Svanberg S, et al. Photodynamic therapy vs. cryosurgery of basal cell carcinomas: results of a phase III clinical trial. British Journal of Dermatology 2000;144(4):832-40. [CENTRAL: CN-00326537] - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Al‐Niaimi 2015 {published data only}
    1. Al-Niaimi F, Sheth N, Kurwa HA, Mallipeddi R. Photodynamic therapy followed by Mohs micrographic surgery compared to mohs micrographic surgery alone for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma: results of a pilot single-blinded randomised controlled trial. Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery 2015;8(2):88-91. [CENTRAL: CN-02012011] - PMC - PubMed
Arits 2014 {published data only}
    1. Arits AH, Spoorenberg E, Mosterd K, Nelemans P, Kelleners‐Smeets NW, Essers BA. Cost-effectiveness of topical imiquimod and fluorouracil vs. photodynamic therapy for treatment of superficial basal-cell carcinoma. British Journal of Dermatology 2014;171(6):1501-07. [CENTRAL: CN-01117058] - PubMed
Berroeta 2007 {published data only}
    1. Berroeta L, Clark C, Dawe RS, Ibbotson SH, Fleming CJ. A randomized study of minimal curettage followed by topical photodynamic therapy compared with surgical excision for low-risk nodular basal cell carcinoma. British Journal of Dermatology 2007;157(2):401-3. [CENTRAL: CN-00610206] - PubMed
Butler 2009 {published data only}
    1. Butler DF, Parekh PK, Lenis A. Imiquimod 5% cream as adjunctive therapy for primary solitary, nodular basal cell carcinomas before Mohs Micrographic Surgery: a randomized, double blind vehicle-controlled study. Dermatologic Surgery 2009;35(1):24-9. [CENTRAL: CN-00669203] - PubMed
Čarija 2016 {published data only}
    1. Čarija A, Puizina-Ivić N, Vuković D, Mirić Kovačević L, Čapkun V. Single treatment of low-risk basal cell carcinomas with pulsed dye laser-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDL-PDT) compared with photodynamic therapy (PDT): a controlled, investigator-blinded, intra-individual prospective study. Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy 2016;16:60-5. [CENTRAL: CN-01342603] - PubMed
Cho 2013 {published data only}
    1. Cho EA, Moloney FJ, Cai H, Au-Yeung A, China C, Scolyer RA. Safety and tolerability of an intratumorally injected DNAzyme, Dz13, in patients with nodular basal-cell carcinoma: a phase 1 first-in-human trial (DISCOVER). Lancet 2013;381(9880):1835-43. - PMC - PubMed
de Haas 2006 {published data only}
    1. Haas ER, Kruijt B, Sterenborg HJ, Neumann HM, Robinson DJ. Fractionated illumination significantly improves the response of superficial basal cell carcinoma to aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2006;126(12):2679-86. [CENTRAL: CN-00571166] - PubMed
Dessinioti 2014 {published data only}
    1. Dessinioti C, Plaka M, Stratigos AJ. Vismodegib for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma: results and implications of the ERIVANCE BCC trial. Future Oncology 2014;10(6):927-36. - PubMed
EudraCT 2013‐000092‐33 {unpublished data only}
    1. EduraCT 2013-000092-33. Enhanced efficacy of photodynamic therapy in combination with 5% imiquimod -a randomised, prospective, observer-blinded study in patients with non melanoma skin cancer. www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/search?query=2013-000092-33 (first received 19 September 2013). [2013-000092-33]
Genouw 2018 {published data only}
    1. Genouw E, Verheire B, Ongenae K, De Schepper S, Creytens D, Verhaeghe E, et al. Laser-assisted photodynamic therapy for superficial basal cell carcinoma and Bowen's disease: a randomized intrapatient comparison between a continuous and a fractional ablative CO2 laser mode. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV 2018;32(11):1897-905. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Groselj 2018 {published data only}
    1. Groselj A, Bosnjak M, Strojan P, Krzan M, Cemazar M, Sersa G. Efficiency of electrochemotherapy with reduced bleomycin dose in the treatment of nonmelanoma head and neck skin cancer: Preliminary results. Head & Neck 2018;40(1):120-5. [CENTRAL: CN-01475261] - PubMed
Huang 2004 {published data only}
    1. Huang CC, Boyce S, Northington M, Desmond R, Soong S-J. Randomised, controlled surgical trial of preoperative tumour curettage of basal cell carcinoma in Mohs micrographic surgery. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2004;51(4):585-91. [CENTRAL: CN-00497417] - PubMed
Ibbotson 2018 {published data only}
    1. Ibbotson S, Dawe R, Moseley H, Samuel I, Ferguson J. A randomized, controlled trial of portable compared with conventional photodynamic therapy for superficial nonmelanoma skin cancer. British Journal of Dermatology 2018;179(Suppl 1):100. [CENTRAL: CN-01620045]
Lippert 2013 {published data only}
    1. Lippert J, Šmucler R, Vlk M. Fractional carbon dioxide laser improves nodular basal cell carcinoma treatment with photodynamic therapy with methyl 5-aminolevulinate. Dermatologic Surgery 2013;39(8):1202-8. [CENTRAL: CN-02012012] [PMID: ] - PubMed
Lu 2017 {published data only}
    1. Lu W, Feng W, Tang Y, Tao X, Pan L. Study of ALA and small dosage of HPD photodynamic therapy (HPD-PDT) in treatment of skin cancer. Biomedical Research (India) 2017;28(14):6476-9. [CENTRAL: CN-01417427]
Lui 2004 {published data only}
    1. Lui H, Hobbs L, Tope WD, Lee PK, Elmets C, Provost N, et al. Photodynamic therapy of multiple nonmelanoma skin cancers with verteporfin and red light-emitting diodes. Archives of Dermatology 2004;140(1):26-32. [CENTRAL: CN-00460095] - PubMed
Migden 2015 {published data only}
    1. Migden MR, Guminski A, Gutzmer R, Dirix L, Lewis KD, Combemale P, et al. Treatment with two different doses of sonidegib in patients with locally advanced or metastatic basal cell carcinoma (BOLT): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncology 2015;16(6):716-28. [CENTRAL: CN-01109355] - PubMed
NCT01033019 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01033019. To evaluate the safety, local tolerability, PK and PD of LDE225 on sporadic superficial and nodular skin basal cell carcinomas (sBCC). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01033019 (first received 16 December 2009).
Nguyen 2018 {published data only}
    1. Nguyen KP, Knuiman GJ, Blokx WA, Hoogedoorn L, Smits T, Gerritsen MJ. Is a single day patient friendly methyl aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy illumination scheme for superficial basal cell carcinoma feasible? A randomized multicenter pilot trial. Journal of Dermatological Treatment 2019;30(2):194-9. [CENTRAL: CN-01930357] [DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2018.1484558] - DOI - PubMed
Quirk 2010 {published data only}
    1. Quirk C, Gebauer K, De'Ambrosis B, Slade HB, Meng TC. Sustained clearance of superficial basal cell carcinomas treated with imiquimod cream 5%: results of a prospective 5-year study. Cutis 2010;85(6):318-24. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Radiotis 2014 {published data only}
    1. Radiotis G, Roberts N, Czajkowska Z, Khanna M, Korner A. Nonmelanoma skin cancer: disease-specific quality-of-life concerns and distress. Oncology Nursing Forum 2014;41(1):57-65. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Schleier 2007 {published data only}
    1. Schleier P, Berndt A, Kolossa S, Zenk W, Hyckel P, Schultze-Mosgau S. Comparison of aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-thermogel-PSDT with methyl-ALA-thermogel-PDT in basal cell carcinoma. Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy 2007;4(3):197-201. [CENTRAL: CN-01951238] - PubMed
Sekulic 2012 {published data only}
    1. Sekulic A, Migden MR, Oro AE, Dirix L, Lewis KD, Hainsworth JD, et al. Efficacy and safety of vismodegib in advanced basal-cell carcinoma. New England Journal of Medicine 2012;366(23):2171-9. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Spencer 2006 {published data only}
    1. Spencer JM. Pilot study of Imiquimod 5% cream as adjunctive therapy to curettage and electrodesiccation for nodular and basal cell carcinoma. Dermatologic Surgery 2006;32(1):63-9. [CENTRAL: CN-00554023] [PMID: ] - PubMed
Tang 2012 {published data only}
    1. Tang JY, Mackay-Wiggan JM, Aszterbaum M, Yauch RL, Lindgren J, Chang K. Inhibiting the hedgehog pathway in patients with the basal-cell nevus syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine 2012;366(23):2180-8. [CENTRAL: CN-00814383] - PMC - PubMed
van der Geer 2012 {published data only}
    1. Van der Geer S, Martens J, Van Roij J, Brand E, Ostertag JU, Verhaegh ME, et al. Imiquimod 5% cream as pre-treatment of Mohs Micrographic Surgery for nodular basal cell carcinoma in the face, a prospective randomized controlled study. British Journal of Dermatology 2012;167(1):110-5. [CENTRAL: CN-00856436] - PubMed
Vijlder 2012 {published data only}
    1. Vijlder HC, Sterenborg HJ, Neumann HA, Robinson DJ, Haas ER. Light fractionation significantly improves the response of superficial basal cell carcinoma to aminolaevulinic acid photodynamic therapy: five-year follow-up of a randomized, prospective trial. Acta Dermato-Venereologica 2012;92(6):641-7. [CENTRAL: CN-00878966] - PubMed
Wettstein 2013 {published data only}
    1. Wettstein R, Erba P, Itin P, Schaefer DJ, Kalbermatten DF. Treatment of basal cell carcinoma with surgical excision and perilesional interferon-alpha. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery 2013;66(7):912-6. [CENTRAL: CN-00964441] - PubMed
Zane 2017 {published data only}
    1. Zane C, Facchinetti E, Arisi M, Ortel B, Calzavara-Pinton P. Pulsed CO2 laser ablation of superficial basal cell of limbs and trunk: a comparative randomized clinical trial with cryotherapy and surgical ablation. Dermatologic Surgery 2017;43(7):920-7. [CENTRAL: CN-01401171] - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Bunker 2000 {unpublished data only}
    1. Bunker C. 5 Fluoracil/Adrenaline injectable gel in basal cell carcinoma. National Research Register.
IRCT 2017 030732933N1 {unpublished data only}
    1. IRCT2017030732933N1. A comparison between efficacy and safety of 585-nanometer pulsed dye laser alone and with cryotherapy in treating superficial basal cell carcinoma. en.irct.ir/trial/25544 (first received 21 May 2017).
ISRCTN 92678315 {unpublished data only}
    1. ISRCTN 92678315. Effect of penetration enhancers in topical photodynamic therapy [Comparison of 20% Aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) versus 20% ALA 2% dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) 2% ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) in topical photodynamic therapy]. doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN92678315 (first received 8 April 2002).
Kang 2018 {published data only}
    1. Kang K, Han M, Cong M, Chen S, Zhang X, Zhang J. The effects of Ella light power combined with imiquimod cream on basal cell carcinoma. Anti-Tumor Pharmacy 2018;8(2):258-62. [en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-LIYX201802033.htm]
Ma 2018 {published data only}
    1. Ma X, Li L, Ma X, Yang J, He Y. Effect of adriamycin combined with cisplatin on basal cell carcinoma and the level of vascular endothelial growth factor in patients. Anti-tumor Pharmacy 2018;6:951-4.
RPCEC00000147 {unpublished data only}
    1. RPCEC00000147. Efficacy study, randomized, controlled, with CIGB-128-A injected perilesional in basal cell carcinoma in different treatment schedules (InCarbacel-V study). registroclinico.sld.cu/en/trials/RPCEC00000147-En (first received 1 February 2013).

References to ongoing studies

EudraCT 2016‐002255‐25 {unpublished data only}
    1. EudraCT 2016-002255-25. Electrochemotherapy compared with radiotherapy for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma. www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/search?query=2016-002255-25 (first received 12 September 2016). [2016-002255-25]
NCT02242929 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02242929. Surgery versus combined treatment with curettage and imiquimod for nodular basal cell carcinoma (SCIN). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02242929 (first received 17 September 2014).
NCT03573401 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT03573401. A randomized, double blind, vehicle-controlled multicenter phase III study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of BF-200 ALA (Ameluz®) and BF-RhodoLED® in the treatment of superficial basal cell carcinoma (sBCC) with photodynamic therapy (PDT). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03573401 (first received 29 June 2018).

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References to other published versions of this review

Bath‐Hextall 2003
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