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. 2021;27(1):49-57.
doi: 10.1159/000506737. Epub 2020 Nov 17.

Influences of Fasting on Stress Response and Withdrawal Symptoms in Habitual Khat Users

Motohiro Nakajima  1 , Mustafa al'Absi  2
Affiliations

Influences of Fasting on Stress Response and Withdrawal Symptoms in Habitual Khat Users

Motohiro Nakajima et al. Eur Addict Res. 2021.

Abstract

Background: Fasting changes mood and physiological states. Substance use, such as khat use, is prohibited during fasting during Ramadan, a traditional practice among Muslims. Habitual khat use is associated with increased negative affect and altered psychobiological stress responses. Effects of fasting on stress responses, mood, and withdrawal symptoms among khat users have not been examined.

Methods: In this study, 80 individuals completed an ambulatory monitoring period and a laboratory assessment session. Participants who completed the study while fasting during Ramadan were matched by gender and khat use status with participants who completed the study while not fasting. This resulted in 40 participants (12 females and 28 males; 25 khat users and 15 nonusers) in each fasting group. Cardiovascular (blood pressure and heart rate) and subjective measures were collected throughout the laboratory stress session. A mental arithmetic challenge was used to induce stress. In addition, self-reported mood and withdrawal measures were collected multiple times during the ambulatory assessment.

Results: Khat users reported greater negative affect than nonusers. Results from the ambulatory study indicated that withdrawal symptoms were lower during evening hours in the fasting group than in the no-fasting group. Stress-related changes in positive and negative affects were flattened in the fasting group relative to the no-fasting group. Khat users reported reduced blood pressure responses relative to nonusers.

Conclusion: These preliminary results demonstrate that fasting is associated with reduced negative affect and withdrawal symptoms in khat users. Khat use was related to blunted blood pressure stress responses, but this was independent of fasting. Due to the small sample size, these results should be replicated with a large sample and comprehensive stress tasks.

Keywords: Fasting; Khat; Negative affect; Ramadan; Stress; Withdrawal.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest

The authors of this manuscript do not have any conflict of interested related to this work.

Figures

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
Changes in (A) positive affect, (B) negative affect, and (C) withdrawal symptoms (ambulatory study).
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
Changes in (A) positive affect, (B) negative affect, and (C) withdrawal symptoms (ambulatory study).
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
Changes in (A) positive affect, (B) negative affect, and (C) withdrawal symptoms (ambulatory study).
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.
Changes in (A) positive affect and (B) negative affect as a function of fasting (laboratory study).
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.
Changes in (A) positive affect and (B) negative affect as a function of fasting (laboratory study).
Fig. 3.
Fig. 3.
Changes in (A) systolic BP, (B) Diastolic BP, and (C) heart rate as a function of khat use (laboratory study).
Fig. 3.
Fig. 3.
Changes in (A) systolic BP, (B) Diastolic BP, and (C) heart rate as a function of khat use (laboratory study).
Fig. 3.
Fig. 3.
Changes in (A) systolic BP, (B) Diastolic BP, and (C) heart rate as a function of khat use (laboratory study).
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