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. 2020 Nov 14;12(11):3511.
doi: 10.3390/nu12113511.

Effect of Defatted Dabai Pulp Extract in Urine Metabolomics of Hypercholesterolemic Rats

Noor Atiqah Aizan Abdul Kadir  1 , Azrina Azlan  1   2 , Faridah Abas  3 , Intan Safinar Ismail  4
Affiliations

Effect of Defatted Dabai Pulp Extract in Urine Metabolomics of Hypercholesterolemic Rats

Noor Atiqah Aizan Abdul Kadir et al. Nutrients. .

Abstract

A source of functional food can be utilized from a source that might otherwise be considered waste. This study investigates the hypocholesterolemic effect of defatted dabai pulp (DDP) from supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and the metabolic alterations associated with the therapeutic effects of DDP using 1H NMR urinary metabolomic analysis. Male-specific pathogen-free Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with a high cholesterol diet for 30 days to induce hypercholesterolemia. Later, the rats were administered with a 2% DDP treatment diet for another 30 days. Supplementation with the 2% DDP treatment diet significantly reduced the level of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 (IL6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (α-TNF)) and significantly increased the level of antioxidant profile (total antioxidant status (TAS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxide (GPX), and catalase (CAT)) compared with the positive control group (PG) group (p < 0.05). The presence of high dietary fibre (28.73 ± 1.82 g/100 g) and phenolic compounds (syringic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and gallic acid) are potential factors contributing to the beneficial effect. Assessment of 1H NMR urinary metabolomics revealed that supplementation of 2% of DDP can partially recover the dysfunction in the metabolism induced by hypercholesterolemia via choline metabolism. 1H-NMR-based metabolomic analysis of urine from hypercholesterolemic rats in this study uncovered the therapeutic effect of DDP to combat hypercholesterolemia.

Keywords: NMR metabolomics; anti-inflammatory; antioxidant; defatted dabai pulp; hypercholesterolemia; supercritical fluid extraction; total dietary fibre.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing for financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The representative of 1H NMR spectra of urine samples of normal group (a), hypercholesterolemic positive control group (b), and hypercholesterolemic rats treated with 2% DDP group (c). 1: Leucine, 2: 3-hydroxybutyrate, 3: Methylmalonate, 4: Threonine, 5: Lactate, 6: Lysine, 7: Alanine, 8: Acetate, 9: Acetone, 10: Acetoacetate, 11: Pyruvate, 12: Succinate, 13: Citrate, 14: Dimethylamine, 15: N,N-Dimethylglycine, 16: 2-oxoglutarate, 17: Creatine, 18: cis-Aconitate, 19: Choline, 20: Trimethylamine N-oxide, 21: Taurine, 22: Glucose, 23: Creatinine, 24: Trigonelline, 25: 1-Methylnicotinamide, 26: Allantoin, 27: 3-Indoxylsulfate, 28: N-Phenylacetylglycine, 29: Hippurate.
Figure 2
Figure 2
PLS-DA model. (a) Score plot (b) loading scatter plot obtained using 1H-NMR spectra of urine samples in normal rats group (NG), hypercholesterolemic positive control group (PG) and hypercholesterolemic rats treated with 2% DDP group (DG) after 30 days of the treatment period (R2Y = 0.973, Q2 = 0.834).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Pathways analysis (a) Synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies; (b) Pyruvate metabolism; (c) Citrate cycle (TCA cycle); (d) Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis; (e) Butanoate metabolism.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Potential metabolic pathways disturbed in hypercholesterolemic rats and alteration by 2% DDP supplementation. PG: Hypercholesterolemic positive control group; NG: Normal rats group; DG: Hypercholesterolemic rats treated with 2% DDP.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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