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. 2020 Nov 13;25(22):5306.
doi: 10.3390/molecules25225306.

Approach to the Dynamic of Carbamazepine and its Main Metabolites in Soil Contamination through the Reuse of Wastewater and Sewage Sludge

José Luis Malvar  1 , Juan Luis Santos  1 , Julia Martín  1 , Irene Aparicio  1 , Esteban Alonso  1
Affiliations

Approach to the Dynamic of Carbamazepine and its Main Metabolites in Soil Contamination through the Reuse of Wastewater and Sewage Sludge

José Luis Malvar et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

The release of pharmaceutically active compounds to the soils through the application of sewage sludge and the irrigation with wastewater, or even with surface water, is constant. The adsorption of these compounds onto the soil is one of the key factors affecting their fate in the environment and their potential environmental risks. In this work, the adsorption of carbamazepine (CBZ) and its metabolites, 3-hydroxy-carbamazepine (3OH-CBZ), carbamazepine-10,11-dihydro-10,11-epoxide (EP-CBZ), and 10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxycarbamazepine (10OH-CBZ), in three Mediterranean soils was evaluated using single-solute and four-solute experiments. The highest adsorptions were measured for 3OH-CBZ, followed by CBZ, EP-CBZ, and 10OH-CBZ, in that order. A high influence of the physicochemical characteristics of the compounds, pH, and soil characteristics in the adsorption of the studied compounds was observed and corroborated by the statistical analysis of the results. Moreover, a good fit was observed in the three isotherm models evaluated (linear, Freundlich, and Langmuir) in single-solute experiments (R2 > 0.90). However, a decrease of the measured adsorptions and a worse fit to the isotherm models were observed in the case of multiple-solute experiments. This could be mainly due to the competition established between the studied compounds for the active sites of the soils.

Keywords: carbamazepine; competitive adsorption; metabolites; sewage sludge; soil; wastewater.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Adsorption of carbamazepine (CBZ) and its main metabolites, 3-hydroxy-carbamazepine (3OH-CBZ), carbamazepine-10,11-dihydro-10,11-epoxide (EP-CBZ), and 10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxycarbamazepine (10OH-CBZ) in the studied soil in single-solute system and in four-solute system.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Adsorption curves for CBZ and its metabolites in studied soils in the single-solute systems; qe: amount of compound adsorbed; Ce: concentration of compound in the equilibrium solution.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Adsorption curves for CBZ and its metabolites in studied soils in the four-solute systems; qe: amount of compound adsorbed; Ce: concentration of compound in the equilibrium solution.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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