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. 2020 Nov 17;25(22):5362.
doi: 10.3390/molecules25225362.

The Influence of Carbon Nature on the Catalytic Performance of Ru/C in Levulinic Acid Hydrogenation with Internal Hydrogen Source

Marcin Jędrzejczyk  1 , Emilia Soszka  1 , Joanna Goscianska  2 , Marcin Kozanecki  3 , Jacek Grams  1 , Agnieszka M Ruppert  1
Affiliations

The Influence of Carbon Nature on the Catalytic Performance of Ru/C in Levulinic Acid Hydrogenation with Internal Hydrogen Source

Marcin Jędrzejczyk et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

The influence of the nature of carbon materials used as a support for Ru/C catalysts on levulinic acid hydrogenation with formic acid as a hydrogen source toward gamma-valerolactone was investigated. It has been shown that the physicochemical properties of carbon strongly affect the catalytic activity of Ru catalysts. The relationship between the hydrogen mobility, strength of hydrogen adsorption, and catalytic performance was established. The catalyst possessing the highest number of defects, stimulating metal support interaction, exhibited the highest activity. The effect of the catalyst grain size was also studied. It was shown that the decrease in the grain size resulted in the formation of smaller Ru crystallites on the catalyst surface, which facilitates the activity.

Keywords: Ru/C; biomass conversion; carbon materials; formic acid; levulinic acid; γ-valerolactone.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
SEM images of ruthenium catalysts.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Raman spectra of carbon materials.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Raman spectra of ruthenium catalysts.
Figure 4
Figure 4
XRD pattern of AC1 support and ruthenium catalysts.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Temperature-programmed reduction (TPR-H2) profiles of ruthenium catalysts.
Figure 6
Figure 6
TPD-H2 profiles of ruthenium catalysts.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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