Anti-aging Effects of Mangosteen Peel Extract and Its Phytochemical Compounds: Antioxidant Activity, Enzyme Inhibition and Molecular Docking Simulation

Abstract

Skin aging is a complex natural process characterised by gradual diminishment of structural integrity and physiological imbalance of the skin tissue. Since the oxidative stress is tightly corelated to the skin aging process, the usage of antioxidant may serve as favourable strategies for slowing down the skin aging process. Mangosteen is an important fruit commodity and its extract had been extensively studied and revealing various biological activities. Present study aimed to assess the antioxidant and antiaging activity of mangosteen peel extract (MPE) and its phytochemical compounds. MPE and its compounds were subjected to ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), hydroperoxide (H₂O₂) scavenging, anti-collagenase, anti-elastase, anti-hyaluronidase and anti-tyrosinase assay. MPE has the highest FRAP 116.31 ± 0.60 μM Fe(II) μg^-1 extract, IC₅₀ of MPE on H₂O₂ scavenging activity was 54.61 μg mL^-1. MPE also has the highest anti elastase activity at IC₅₀ 7.40 μg mL^-1. Alpha-mangostin showed potent anti-collagenase activity (IC₅₀ 9.75 μg mL^-1). While gamma-mangostin showed potent anti-hyaluronidase (IC₅₀ 23.85 μg mL^-1) and anti-tyrosinase (IC₅₀ 50.35 μg mL^-1). MPE and its compounds were evaluated in vitro for antioxidant and antiaging activities. Current findings may provide scientific evidence for possible usage of mangosteen extract and its compounds as antioxidant and antiaging agent.

Keywords: Antiaging; Antioxidant; Mangosteen; Phytochemical.

Figure 1

Hydro peroxide scavenging activity of MPE and its compounds. MPE, garcinone C, garcinone D, alpha-mangostin and gamma-mangostin were dissolved in DMSO to achieve final concentration of 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 (μg mL⁻¹).

Figure 2

Elastase inhibitory activity of MPE and its compounds. MPE, garcinone C, garcinone D, alpha-mangostin and gamma-mangostin were dissolved in DMSO to achieve final concentration of 8.33, 16.67, 33.33 and 66.67 (μg mL⁻¹).

Figure 3

Collagenase inhibitory activity of MPE and its compounds. MPE, garcinone C, garcinone D, alpha-mangostin, gamma-mangostin were dissolved in DMSO to achieve final concentration of 31.25; 62.50; 125.00; 250.00 (μg mL⁻¹).

Figure 4

Tyrosinase inhibitory activity of MPE and its compounds. MPE, garcinone C, garcinone D, alpha-mangostin, gamma-mangostin were dissolved to achieve final concentration of 3.125, 6.25, 12.50, 25.00, 50.00 and 100.00 (μg mL⁻¹).

Figure 5

Hyaluronidase inhibitory activity of MPE and its compounds. MPE, garcinone C, garcinone D, alpha-mangostin, gamma-mangostin were dissolved in DMSO to achieve final concentration of 5.21, 10.42, 20.83, 41.67, 83.33 and 166.67 (μg mL⁻¹).

Figure 6

Molecular docking of phytochemical compounds against MMP1, NEP, and PPO3. (A) alpha-mangostin and (B) N-hydroxy-2-[4-(4-phenoxy-benzenesulfonyl)-tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl]-acetamide towards MMP1. (C) gamma-mangostin and (D) LBQ657 towards NEP. (E) gamma-mangostin and (F) tropolone towards PPO3. The protein showed as surface representation. The ligand showed as stick representation with only polar hydrogen showed.