Recent Development of Aptasensor for Influenza Virus Detection

Abstract

In nowadays, we have entered the new era of pandemics and the significance of virus detection deeply impacts human society. Viruses with genetic mutations are reported nearly every year, and people have prepared tools to detect the virus and vaccines to ensure proper treatments. Influenza virus (IV) is one of the most harmful viruses reporting various mutations, sub-types, and rapid infection speed for humans and animals including swine and poultry. Moreover, IV infection presents several harmful symptoms including cough, fever, diarrhea, chills, even causing death. To reduce the IV-induced harm, its proper and rapid detection is highly required. Conventional techniques were used against various IV sub-types including H1N1, H3N2, and H5N1. However, some of the techniques are time-consuming, expensive, or labor-intensive for detecting IV. Recently, the nucleic acid-based aptamer has gained attention as a novel bioprobe for constructing a biosensor. In this review, the authors discuss the recent progress in aptasensors for detecting IV in terms of an electrochemical and an optical biosensor.

Keywords: Aptamer; Biosensor; Electrochemical; Influenza virus; Optical.

Figure 1

Aptasensor fabrication. (A) Aptasensor fabrication process. (B) Cyclic voltammogram fabrication step. (C) Qualitative specificity of aptamer V46 against several H1N1 subtypes. (D) Linear calibration curve in various H1N1 concentrations (10-10 PFU) (Reproduced with permission from [79], published by Elsevier, 2019).

Figure 2

(A) Schematic and photo image of aptasensor. (B) Schematic diagram of DNA structure and TBM PAGE results of DNA 3WJ. (C) Cyclic voltammogram of HA protein’s various concentration (Reproduced with permission from [76], published by Elsevier, 2019).

Figure 3

Schematic illustration of detection process. (A) Nyquist plots of the sensor against H1N1 (B) and B viruses. (C) Selectivity of this sensor (Reproduced with permission from [84], published by Elsevier, 2018).

Figure 4

(A) Schematic illustration of used IDE and fabrication process. (B) Electrical equivalent circuit and Nyquist plot used for impedance spectra fitting (Reproduced with permission from [85], published by Elsevier, 2018).

Figure 5

(A) Schematic illustration of biosensor based on LSPR method. (B) Schematic diagram of DNA 3 WJ and TBM PAGE gel result of DNA 3 WJ, HA protein, and spike protein. (C) Detection of HA protein in PBS buffer and chicken serum and selectivity test (Reproduced with permission from [102], published by Elsevier, 2019).

Figure 6

(A) Diagram of the immobilization-free GO-SELEX. (B) Diagram of the GO-FRET assays for aptamer characterization. (C) Diagram of whole virus particle detection system and image of the lateral flow strip. (D) Calibration curve of the cognate pair of aptamer-based sandwich-type LFAs (Reproduced with permission from [103], published by Elsevier, 2019).