Interleukin-6 response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia is associated with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation

Abstract

Increased plasma levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in response to acute hypoglycemia have been well documented. Aiming to study the interaction between IL-6 and counter-regulatory hormones during hypoglycemic stress we conducted an exploratory single center study involving 26 adult patients undergoing insulin tolerance test. Insulin-induced hypoglycemia elicited a significant dynamic response of IL-6, adrenaline, noradrenaline, GH, prolactin, ACTH and serum and salivary cortisol (P < 0.001 for all variables). Patients with insufficient HPA axis response had lower hypoglycemia-induced IL-6 increase (median: 0.88 pg/mL) compared with individuals with intact HPA axis response (2.03 pg/mL, P = 0.007). IL-6 maximal increase correlated with the maximal increase of serum cortisol (r_s = 0.48; P = 0.013), salivary cortisol (r_s = 0.66; P = 0.012), plasma ACTH (r_s = 0.48; P = 0.013) and with the increase in procedure-related symptoms of anxiety and hypoglycemia (r_s = 0.57; P = 0.003). In conclusion, hypoglycemic stress-induced IL-6 increase is associated with activation of the HPA axis, suggesting that IL-6 response to hypoglycemic stress may be regarded as part of the counter-regulatory response, possibly contributing to the maintenance of glucose homeostasis.

Keywords: Counter-regulatory response; Hypoglycemia; Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis; Insulin-tolerance-test; Interleukin-6; Stress.