Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2020 Nov 20;12(11):1120.
doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111120.

Intranasal Delivery: Effects on the Neuroimmune Axes and Treatment of Neuroinflammation

Elizabeth M Rhea  1   2 , Aric F Logsdon  1   2 , William A Banks  1   2 , Michelle E Erickson  1   2
Affiliations
Review

Intranasal Delivery: Effects on the Neuroimmune Axes and Treatment of Neuroinflammation

Elizabeth M Rhea et al. Pharmaceutics. .

Abstract

This review highlights the pre-clinical and clinical work performed to use intranasal delivery of various compounds from growth factors to stem cells to reduce neuroimmune interactions. We introduce the concept of intranasal (IN) delivery and the variations of this delivery method based on the model used (i.e., rodents, non-human primates, and humans). We summarize the literature available on IN delivery of growth factors, vitamins and metabolites, cytokines, immunosuppressants, exosomes, and lastly stem cells. We focus on the improvement of neuroimmune interactions, such as the activation of resident central nervous system (CNS) immune cells, expression or release of cytokines, and detrimental effects of signaling processes. We highlight common diseases that are linked to dysregulations in neuroimmune interactions, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, multiple sclerosis, and traumatic brain injury.

Keywords: cytokine; growth factor; intranasal; neurodegenerative disease; neuroimmunology; vitamin.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Intranasal (IN) delivery of therapeutics aids in targeting neuroinflammation in many different central nervous system (CNS) diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, and traumatic brain injuries. Generated with BioRender.com.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

    1. Selye H. A syndrome produced by diverse nocuous agents. Nature. 1936;138:32. doi: 10.1038/138032a0. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Ader R., Cohen N. Psychoneuroimmunology—Conditioning and stress. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 1993;44:53–85. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ps.44.020193.000413. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Yirmiya R., Goshen I. Immune modulation of learning, memory, neural plasticity and neurogenesis. Brain Behav. Immun. 2011;25:181–213. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.10.015. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Dhabhar F.S., McEwen B.S. Acute stress enhances while chronic stress suppresses cell-mediated immunity in vivo: A potential role for leukocyte trafficking. Brain Behav. Immun. 1997;11:286–306. doi: 10.1006/brbi.1997.0508. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Dantzer R., Kelley K.W. Twenty years of research on cytokine-induced sickness behavior. Brain Behav. Immun. 2007;21:153–160. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2006.09.006. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources