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. 2020 Nov 20;12(11):3566.
doi: 10.3390/nu12113566.

The Diverse Potential of Gluten from Different Durum Wheat Varieties in Triggering Celiac Disease: A Multilevel In Vitro, Ex Vivo and In Vivo Approach

Federica Gaiani  1   2 , Sara Graziano  3 , Fatma Boukid  3   4 , Barbara Prandi  3   4 , Lorena Bottarelli  2   5 , Amelia Barilli  6 , Arnaldo Dossena  3   4 , Nelson Marmiroli  3   7 , Mariolina Gullì  3   4 , Gian Luigi de'Angelis  1   2 , Stefano Sforza  3   4
Affiliations

The Diverse Potential of Gluten from Different Durum Wheat Varieties in Triggering Celiac Disease: A Multilevel In Vitro, Ex Vivo and In Vivo Approach

Federica Gaiani et al. Nutrients. .

Abstract

The reasons behind the increasing prevalence of celiac disease (CD) worldwide are still not fully understood. This study adopted a multilevel approach (in vitro, ex vivo, in vivo) to assess the potential of gluten from different wheat varieties in triggering CD. Peptides triggering CD were identified and quantified in mixtures generated from simulated gastrointestinal digestion of wheat varieties (n = 82). Multivariate statistics enabled the discrimination of varieties generating low impact on CD (e.g., Saragolla) and high impact (e.g., Cappelli). Enrolled subjects (n = 46) were: 19 healthy subjects included in the control group; 27 celiac patients enrolled for the in vivo phase. Celiacs were divided into a gluten-free diet group (CD-GFD), and a GFD with Saragolla-based pasta group (CD-Sar). The diet was followed for 3 months. Data were compared between CD-Sar and CD-GFD before and after the experimental diet, demonstrating a limited ability of Saragolla to trigger immunity, although not comparable to a GFD. Ex vivo studies showed that Saragolla and Cappelli activated immune responses, although with great variability among patients. The diverse potential of durum wheat varieties in triggering CD immune response was demonstrated. Saragolla is not indicated for celiacs, yet it has a limited potential to trigger adverse immune response.

Keywords: ELISA; celiac disease; durum wheat; gluten peptides; immune response.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Variability in the amounts of peptides associated with celiac disease. IP1: TQQPQQPFPQ; IP2: SQQPQQPFPQPQ; IP3: QAFPQQPQQPFPQ; IP4: TQQPQQPFPQQPQQPFPQ; IP5: PQTQQPQQPFPQFQQPQQPFPQPQQP; IP6: FPQQPQLPFPQQPQQPFPQPQQPQ; IP7: QQPQQPFPQPQQTFPQQPQLPFPQQPQQPF. TP1: LQPQNPSQQQPQ; TP2: RPQQPYPQPQPQ. TP3: LQPQNPSQQQPQEQVPL.
Figure 2
Figure 2
(A) Principal component analysis of durum wheat epitopes involved in celiac disease (CD). Biplot of the two first principal components based on the durum wheat epitopes involved in CD. Abbreviations IP1: TQQPQQPFPQ; IP2: SQQPQQPFPQPQ; IP3: QAFPQQPQQPFPQ; IP4: TQQPQQPFPQQPQQPFPQ; IP5: PQTQQPQQPFPQFQQPQQPFPQPQQP; IP6: FPQQPQLPFPQQPQQPFPQPQQPQ; IP7: QQPQQPFPQPQQTFPQQPQLPFPQQPQQPF. TP1: LQPQNPSQQQPQ; TP2: RPQQPYPQPQPQ. TP3: LQPQNPSQQQPQEQVPL. (B) Principal component analysis of durum wheat epitopes involved in CD. Rotated principal scores of the durum wheat varieties projected into the first two principal components.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Duodenal mucosa before experimental diet. (A) Hematoxylin–eosin 4× magnification, duodenal mucosa before experimental diet. Celiac disease classified as Marsh 3a; (B) immunohistochemical coloration for CD3+ lymphocytes, duodenal mucosa before experimental diet; (C) endoscopic appearance of the duodenal mucosa before experimental diet.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Duodenal mucosa after experimental diet. (A) Hematoxylin–eosin 4× magnification, duodenal mucosa after experimental diet. Celiac disease classified as Marsh 3a; (B) immunohistochemical coloration for CD3+ lymphocytes, duodenal mucosa after experimental diet; (C) endoscopic appearance of the duodenal mucosa after experimental diet.
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