Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Comment
. 2020 Dec 22;117(51):32207-32208.
doi: 10.1073/pnas.2019022117. Epub 2020 Nov 24.

Did volcano eruptions alter the trajectories of the Roman Republic and the Ptolemaic Kingdom? Moving beyond black-box determinism

Sebastian Strunz  1 , Oliver Braeckel  2
Affiliations
Comment

Did volcano eruptions alter the trajectories of the Roman Republic and the Ptolemaic Kingdom? Moving beyond black-box determinism

Sebastian Strunz et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. .
No abstract available

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interest.

Comment in

Comment on

References

    1. McConnell J. R., et al. , Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska’s Okmok volcano in 43 BCE and effects on the late Roman Republic and Ptolemaic Kingdom. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 117, 15443–15449 (2020). - PMC - PubMed
    1. Cassius D., Roman History, 45,17, trans. E. Cary (Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA/London, 1914–1927).
    1. Sonnabend H., Naturkatastrophen in der Antike: Wahrnehmung – Deutung – Management (Verlag J.B. Metzler, Stuttgart, 1999).
    1. Coombes P., Barber K., Environmental determinism in Holocene research: Causality or coincidence? Area 37, 303–311 (2005).
    1. Butzer K. W., Collapse, environment, and society. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109, 3632–3639 (2012). - PMC - PubMed