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. 2020 Dec;146(6):1317-1324.
doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000007365.

Diffuse Venous Malformations of the Upper Extremity (Bockenheimer Disease): Diagnosis and Management

Barkat Ali  1 , Andre Panossian  1 , Amir Taghinia  1 , John B Mulliken  1 , Ahmad Alomari  1 , Denise M Adams  1 , Stephen J Fishman  1 , Joseph Upton 3rd  1
Affiliations

Diffuse Venous Malformations of the Upper Extremity (Bockenheimer Disease): Diagnosis and Management

Barkat Ali et al. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2020 Dec.

Abstract

Background: Diffuse venous malformations that involve all tissues in the upper limb and ipsilateral chest wall are known as "phlebectasia of Bockenheimer." The authors describe their experience with management of this uncommon vascular anomaly.

Methods: The authors' Vascular Anomalies Center registry comprised 18,766 patients over a 40-year period. This review identified 2036 patients with venous malformations of the extremities (10.8 percent), of whom only 80 (0.43 percent) had Bockenheimer disease. The authors retrospectively analyzed patient characteristics, diagnostics, treatments, and complications.

Results: The venous malformation was first noted at birth or within the first few years of life with slow and gradual progression. Pain was related to engorgement of the limb. Thromboses and phleboliths were common, but diffuse intravascular coagulopathy occurred in only 12 patients (15 percent). Skeletal involvement was demonstrated as lytic lesions, cortical scalloping, osteopenia, and pathologic fractures. Management included compression garments (100 percent), sclerotherapy (27.5 percent), and resection of symptomatic areas in 35 percent of patients. Adjunctive pharmacologic medication was given in 7.5 percent. Following resection, 17 patients (60 percent) had one or more complications: hematoma, wound dehiscence, flap loss, contracture, and psychosis. There were no deaths. Symptoms improved in all patients with useful functional outcomes.

Conclusions: The decision to pursue compression, sclerotherapy, pharmacologic treatment, or resection alone or in combination was made by an interdisciplinary team. Although extensive venous malformations cannot be completely ablated, debulking of symptomatic regions, resection of neuromas, and noninvasive treatments improve the quality of life. Despite the bulk and weight of the arm, forearm, and hand, and the ominous appearance on magnetic resonance imaging, these patients remain functional.

Clinical question/level of evidence: Therapeutic, V.

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References

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    1. Mulliken JB, Glowacki J. Hemangiomas and vascular malformations in infants and children: A classification based on endothelial characteristics. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1982; 69:412–422

MeSH terms