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Meta-Analysis
. 2020 Nov 25;11(11):CD001159.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001159.pub3.

Peripheral nerve blocks for hip fractures in adults

Joanne Guay  1   2   3 , Sandra Kopp  4
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Peripheral nerve blocks for hip fractures in adults

Joanne Guay et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: This review was published originally in 1999 and was updated in 2001, 2002, 2009, 2017, and 2020. Updating was deemed necessary due to the high incidence of hip fractures, the large number of official societies providing recommendations on this condition, the possibility that perioperative peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs) may improve patient outcomes, and the major role that PNBs may play in reducing preoperative and postoperative opioid use for analgesia.

Objectives: To compare PNBs used as preoperative analgesia, as postoperative analgesia, or as a supplement to general anaesthesia versus no nerve block (or sham block) for adults with hip fracture. Outcomes were pain on movement at 30 minutes after block placement, acute confusional state, myocardial infarction, chest infection, death, time to first mobilization, and costs of an analgesic regimen for single-injection blocks. We undertook the update to look for new studies and to update the methods to reflect Cochrane standards.

Search methods: For the updated review, we searched the following databases: the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2019, Issue 11), in the Cochrane Library; MEDLINE (Ovid SP, 1966 to November 2019); Embase (Ovid SP, 1974 to November 2019); and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) (EBSCO, 1982 to November 2019), as well as trial registers and reference lists of relevant articles.

Selection criteria: We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing use of PNBs compared with no nerve block (or sham block) as part of the care provided for adults 16 years of age and older with hip fracture. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently screened new trials for inclusion, assessed trial quality using the Cochrane Risk of Bias-2 tool, and extracted data. When appropriate, we pooled results of outcome measures. We rated the certainty of evidence using the GRADE approach.

Main results: We included 49 trials (3061 participants; 1553 randomized to PNBs and 1508 to no nerve block (or sham block)). For this update, we added 18 new trials. Trials were published from 1981 to 2020. Trialists followed participants for periods ranging from 5 minutes to 12 months. The average age of participants ranged from 59 to 89 years. People with dementia were often excluded from the included trials. Additional analgesia was available for all participants. Results of 11 trials with 503 participants show that PNBs reduced pain on movement within 30 minutes of block placement (standardized mean difference (SMD) -1.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) -1.25 to -0.86; equivalent to -2.5 on a scale from 0 to 10; high-certainty evidence). Effect size was proportionate to the concentration of local anaesthetic used (P = 0.0003). Based on 13 trials with 1072 participants, PNBs reduce the risk of acute confusional state (risk ratio (RR) 0.67, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.90; number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) 12, 95% CI 7 to 47; high-certainty evidence). For myocardial infarction, there were no events in one trial with 31 participants (RR not estimable; low-certainty evidence). From three trials with 131 participants, PNBs probably reduce the risk for chest infection (RR 0.41, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.89; NNTB 7, 95% CI 5 to 72; moderate-certainty evidence). Based on 11 trials with 617 participants, the effects of PNBs on mortality within six months are uncertain due to very serious imprecision (RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.47 to 1.60; low-certainty evidence). From three trials with 208 participants, PNBs likely reduce time to first mobilization (mean difference (MD) -10.80 hours, 95% CI -12.83 to -8.77 hours; moderate-certainty evidence). One trial with 75 participants indicated there may be a small reduction in the cost of analgesic drugs with a single-injection PNB (MD -4.40 euros, 95% CI -4.84 to -3.96 euros; low-certainty evidence). We identified 29 ongoing trials, of which 15 were first posted or at least were last updated after 1 January 2018. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: PNBs reduce pain on movement within 30 minutes after block placement, risk of acute confusional state, and probably also reduce the risk of chest infection and time to first mobilization. There may be a small reduction in the cost of analgesic drugs for single-injection PNB. We did not find a difference for myocardial infarction and mortality, but the numbers of participants included for these two outcomes were insufficient. Although randomized clinical trials may not be the best way to establish risks associated with an intervention, our review confirms low risks of permanent injury associated with PNBs, as found by others. Some trials are ongoing, but it is unclear whether any further RCTs should be registered, given the benefits found. Good-quality non-randomized trials with appropriate sample size may help to clarify the potential effects of PNBs on myocardial infarction and mortality.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02433548 NCT01961895 NCT03588689 NCT02037633 NCT00162630 NCT01701414 NCT00749489 NCT02248870 NCT02408419 NCT01052974 NCT01904071 NCT01593319 NCT02381717 NCT02892968 NCT03525977 NCT03289858 NCT03092466 NCT02406300 NCT01219088 NCT02689388 NCT04086914 NCT01638845 NCT02479828 NCT02696915 NCT03846102 NCT02689024 NCT04145752 NCT02983344 NCT02450045.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Joanne Guay: no conflict of interest.

Sandra Kopp: no conflict of interest.

Figures

1
1
Flow diagram for the 2020 update. CENTRAL:  The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials;  CINHAL: Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature.
2
2
3
3
Pain on movement at 30 minutes after block placement. Duval and Tweedie's trim and fill analysis: blue circles indicate studies found, and red circles are imputed studies. Correcting for the possibility of publication bias would give an estimated standardized mean difference of  ‐0.88 (95% confidence interval ‐1.07 to ‐070).
4
4
Pain on movement at 30 minutes after block placement. A meta‐regression indicates that the effect size was proportional to the concentration of local anaesthetic injected in lidocaine equivalents; P = 0.0003.
5
5
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Nerve block versus other modes of analgesia, outcome: 1.11 Acute confusional state.
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6
Acute confusional state. Duval and Tweedie's trim and fill analysis: blue circles indicate studies found, and red circles are imputed studies. Correcting for the possibility of publication bias would give an estimated risk ratio 0.70 (95% CI 0.51 to 0.94).
7
7
8
8
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs) versus no nerve block (or sham block), Outcome 1: Pain on movement within 30 minutes of block placement
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs) versus no nerve block (or sham block), Outcome 2: Acute confusional state
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs) versus no nerve block (or sham block), Outcome 3: Myocardial infarction
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs) versus no nerve block (or sham block), Outcome 4: Chest infections
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs) versus no nerve block (or sham block), Outcome 5: Mortality
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs) versus no nerve block (or sham block), Outcome 6: Time to first mobilization
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs) versus no nerve block (or sham block), Outcome 7: Costs of analgesic drugs
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References

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Szucs 2010 {published data only}
    1. Szucs S, Iohom G, O'Donnell B, Sajgalik P, Ahmad I, Salah N, et al. Analgesic efficacy of continuous femoral nerve block commenced prior to operative fixation of fractured neck of femur. Perioperative Medicine (London, England) 2012;1:4. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Szucs S, Iohom G. Functional recovery following operative fixation of fractured neck of femur in the elderly. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2010;35(5):Abstract 534.
    1. Szucs S, Sajgalik P, O’Donnell, Ahmad I, Iohom G. Analgesic efficacy of continuous femoral nerve block prior to operative fixation of fracture neck of femur. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2010;110(Suppl 1):S484. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Szucs S. Information on our trial [personal communication]. Email to: J Guay 14 January 2020.
Thompson 2019 {published data only}
    1. Thompson J, Long M, Rogers E, Pesso R, Galos D, Dengenis R C, et al. Fascia iliaca block decreases hip fracture postoperative opioid consumption: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma 2020;34(1):49-54. [DOI: 10.1097/BOT.0000000000001634] [EMBASE: 629204478] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Tuncer 2003 {published data only}
    1. Tuncer S, Sert OA, Yosunkaya A, Mutlu M, Celik J, Okesli S. Patient-controlled femoral nerve analgesia versus patient-controlled intravenous analgesia for postoperative analgesia after trochanteric fracture repair. Acute Pain 2003;4(3-4):105-8. [CENTRAL: CN-00473759] [EMBASE: 2003155122]
Unneby 2017 {published data only}
    1. Unneby A, Svensson O, Gustafson Y, Olofsson B. Femoral nerve block in a representative sample of elderly people with hip fracture: A randomised controlled trial. Injury 2017;48(7):1542-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2017.04.043] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Uysal 2018 {published data only}ACTRN12618000546257U1111‐1193‐6260
    1. Comparison of the effect of preoperative continue femoral nerve block and paracetamol administration on preoperative pain management and postoperative delirium incidence of geriatric patients scheduled for trochanteric femur fracture. https://anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=12618000... 2018:Accessed January 2020.
    1. Uysal AI, Altıparmak B, Yaşar E, Turan M, Canbek U, et al. The effects of early femoral nerve block intervention on preoperative pain management and incidence of postoperative delirium geriatric patients undergoing trochanteric femur fracture surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 2020;26(1):109-14. [DOI: 10.14744/tjtes.2019.78002] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Wang 2015 {published data only}
    1. Ma Y, Wu J, Xue J, Lan F, Wang T. Ultrasound-guided continuous fascia iliaca compartment block for pre-operative pain control in very elderly patients with hip fracture: A randomized controlled trial. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 2018;16(3):1944-1952. [CENTRAL: CN-01629193] [DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6417] [EMBASE: 623399950] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Wang T-I, Ma Y-H. Effect of continuous fascia iliaca compartment block on preoperative cardiac and pulmonary events in elderly patients with hip fracture. http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=12161 2015:Accessed December 2019.
White 1980 {published data only}
    1. White IWC, Chappell WA. Anaesthesia for surgical correction of fractured femoral neck. A comparison of three techniques. Anaesthesia 1980;35(11):1107-10. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Yamamoto 2016 {published data only}
    1. Yamamoto N, Danura T. Comparison of the postoperative analgesic efficacy of intravenous acetaminophen versus ultrasound-guided fascia iliaca compartment block for patients with proximal femoral fracture: a randomized controlled trial. http://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=JPRN-UMIN000024147 2016:Accessed December 2019. [CENTRAL: CN-01828954] [DOI: 10.1002/central/CN-01828954/full] - DOI
    1. Yamamoto N, Sakura S, Noda T, Nishiyama A, Danura T, Matsui Y, et al. Comparison of the postoperative analgesic efficacies of intravenous acetaminophen and fascia iliaca compartment block in hip fracture surgery: a randomised controlled trial. Injury 2019;50(10):1689-1693. [CENTRAL: CN-01918126] [DOI: DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2019.03.008] [EMBASE: 2001708250] [PMID: ] - PubMed
Yang 2016 {published data only}
    1. Yang J. Ultrasound guided continuous fascia iliaca block for pain management in elder patients with hip fractures. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2016;123(3 Supplement 2):440-441. [CENTRAL: CN-01768433] [DOI: 10.1002/central/CN-01768433/full] [EMBASE: 612648909] - DOI
Yun 2009 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Yun M, Han M, Park S, Kim S. Analgesia prior to spinal block in the lateral position in elderly patients with a femoral neck fracture: a comparison of fascia iliaca compartment block and intravenous alfentanil. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2009;26(Suppl 45):8AP3-3.
    1. Yun M. Information on our trial [personal communication]. Email to: J Guay 14 January 2020.
    1. Yun MJ, Kim YH, Han MK, Kim JH, Hwang JW, Do SH. Analgesia before a spinal block for femoral neck fracture: fascia iliaca compartment block. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2009;53(10):1282-7. [CENTRAL: CN-00734383] [EMBASE: 355385327] [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. Yun MJ, Kim YH, Han MK, Kim JH, Hwang JW, Do SH. Analgesia before a spinal block for femoral neck fracture: fascia iliaca compartment block. Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma 2009;53(10). [CENTRAL: 10.1002/central/CN-00847713/full] [DOI: ] - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Akhtar 2015 {published data only}
    1. Akhtar Z, Allen C, Langton B, Watters H, Barker H, Raymond M, et al. The use of fascia iliaca block infusions in patients presenting with neck of femur fractures. European Geriatric Medicine 2015;6(S1):S146-S146. [EMBASE: 72037580]
Amini 2012 {published data only}IRCT201201158728N1
    1. Amini A, Khaledi AR. The effect of 3-in-1 block with bupivacaine 0.25% versus bupivacaine 0.25% plus 8 milligram dexamethaasone in acute pain control of patientsundergone hip nailing surgery. http: apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT201201158728N1 2012:Accessed January 2020.
Amiri 2012 {published data only}
    1. Amiri H R, Safari S, Makarem J, Rahimi M, Jahanshahi B. Comparison of combined femoral nerve block and spinal anesthesia with lumbar plexus block for postoperative analgesia in intertrochanteric fracture surgery. Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine 2012;2(1):32-5. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Anaraki 2012 {published data only}
    1. Anaraki A, Mirzaei K. The effect of fascia iliaca compartment block versus gabapentin on postoperative pain and morphine consumption in femoral surgery, a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Indian Journal of Pain 2014;28(2):111-6. [CENTRAL: CN-01870728] [DOI: 10.4103/0970-5333.132852] - DOI
    1. Anaraki AN. The comparison between the effect of preemptive gabapentin and fascia iliaca block in reduction of postoperative pain of femoral shaft surgery. http://en.irct.ir/trial/1514:Accessed December 2019.
Aprato 2018 {published data only}
    1. Aprato A, Audisio A, Santoro A, Grosso E, Devivo S, Berardino M, et al. Fascia-iliaca compartment block vs intra-articular hip injection for preoperative pain management in intracapsular hip fractures: A blind, randomized, controlled trial. Injury 2018;49(12):2203-8. [CENTRAL: CN-01652210] [EMBASE: 2001141345] [PMID: ] - PubMed
Arsoy 2017 {published data only}
    1. Arsoy D, Huddleston JI 3rd, Amanatullah DF, Giori NJ, Maloney WJ, Goodman SB. Femoral nerve catheters improve home disposition and pain in hip fracture patients treated with total hip arthroplasty. The Journal of Arthroplasty 2017;32(11):3434-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2017.05.047] [PMID: 28641968] - DOI - PubMed
Arsoy 2017a {published data only}
    1. Arsoy D, Gardner MJ, Amanatullah DF, Huddleston JI 3rd, Goodman SB, Maloney WJ, et al. Continuous femoral nerve catheters decrease opioid-related side effects and increase home disposition rates among geriatric hip fracture patients. Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma 2017;31(6):e186-9. [DOI: 10.1097/BOT.0000000000000854] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Barnes 2019 {published data only}
    1. Barnes M, Haber B, Flannigan M J. Efficacy of ultrasound-guided fascia iliaca compartment block for elderly hip fracture patients. Academic Emergency Medicine 2019;26(Suppl 1):S234.
Beaudoin 2010 {published data only}
    1. Beaudoin FL, Nagdev A, Merchant RC, Becker BM. Ultrasound-guided femoral nerve blocks in elderly patients with hip fractures. American Journal of Emergency Medicine 2010;28(1):76-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2008.09.015] [PMID: 20006206 ] - DOI - PubMed
Bech 2011 {published data only}
    1. Bech RD, Lauritsen J, Ovesen O, Emmeluth C, Lindholm P, Overgaard S. Local anaesthetic wound infiltration after internal fixation of femoral neck fractures: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial in 33 patients. Hip International 2011;21(2):251-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Bendtsen 2014 {published data only}
    1. Bendtsen T F. Femoral nerve block with bupivacaine and adjuvant dexamethasone in patients with hip fracture. Available at https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02248870 2014:Accessed December 2019. [CENTRAL: CN-01548932]
Bendtsen 2015 {published data only}
    1. Bendtsen TF. Obturator nerve block for hip fracture. Available at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02408419:Accessed December 2019. [CENTRAL: CN-01505505]
Bendtsen 2015a {published data only}
    1. Bendtsen TF. Analgesic effect of a supplemental nerve block in patients with hip fracture. http://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=EUCTR2015-000078-36-DK 2015:Accessed December 2019. [CENTRAL: CN-01548932] [DOI: ]
Bendtsen 2015b {published data only}
    1. Bendtsen T F. Gluteus medius fascia plane block - Validating a new nerve block technique. http://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=EUCTR2015-003726-14-... December 2019.
Bhadani 2017 {published data only}
    1. Bhadani U K. Comparison between femoral nerve block and intravenous fentanyl for analgesia before performing a spinal block in the sitting position in patients with femoral shaft fracture. http://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2017/09/009665:... December 2019. [CENTRAL: CN-01892890] [DOI: 10.1002/central/CN-01892890/full] - DOI - PubMed
Bhattacharya 2019 {published data only}
    1. Bhattacharya A, Bhatti T, Haldar M. Pericapsular nerve group block- Is it better than the rest for pain relief in fracture neck femur. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2019;44(10 Suppl 1):A116.
Bouhours 2010 {published data only}
    1. Bouhours G. Perioperative analgesia by femoral perineural catheter for femoral neck fracture - study KTcol. Available at https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01052974 2010:Accessed December 2019. [CENTRAL: CN-01527741]
    1. Chaudet A, Bouhours G, Rineau E, Hamel J F, Leblanc D, Steiger V, et al. Impact of preoperative continuous femoral blockades on morphine consumption and morphine side effects in hip-fracture patients: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine 2016;35(1):37-43. [CENTRAL: CN-01259379] [DOI: 10.1016/j.accpm.2015.07.004] [EMBASE: 614025563] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Bulger 2015 {published data only}
    1. Bulger J, Brown A, Evans B, Fegan G, Ford S, Guy K, et al. Rapid analgesia for prehospital hip disruption: a feasibility study. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 2017;33(Suppl 1):140-1.
    1. Bulger J, Brown A, Evans B A, Fegan G, Ford S, Guy K, et al. Rapid analgesia for prehospital hip disruption (rapid). British Medical Journal Open 2018;8(Suppl 1):A3. [CENTRAL: CN-01613074] [DOI: 10.1002/central/CN-01613074/full] [EMBASE: 622675029] - DOI
    1. Bulger J. Rapid analgesia for prehospital hip disruption (RAPID): a feasibility study for a randomised controlled trial. http://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ISRCTN60065373 2015:Accessed December 2019. [CENTRAL: CN-01847947]
    1. Bulger J K, Brown A, Evans B A, Fegan G, Ford S, Guy K, et a l. Rapid analgesia for prehospital hip disruption (RAPID): protocol for feasibility study of randomised controlled trial. Pilot and Feasibility Studies 2017;3:8. [DOI: 10.1186/s40814-016-0115-6] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Evans B, Brown A, Bulger J, Fegan G, Ford S, Guy K, et al. Paramedic's experiences of administering fascia iliaca compartment block to patients with suspected hip fracture. British Medical Journal Open 2018;8(Suppl 1):A28. - PubMed
Callear 2016 {published data only}
    1. Callear J, Shah K. Analgesia in hip fractures. Do fascia-iliac blocks make any difference? British Medical Journal Quality Improvment Reports 2016;5(1):u210130.w4147. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjquality.u210130.w4147] [PMID: ] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Candal‐Couto 2005 {published data only}
    1. Candal-Couto JJ, McVie JL, Haslam N, Innes AR, Rushmer J. Pre-operative analgesia for patients with femoral neck fractures using a modified fascia iliaca block technique. Injury 2005;36(4):505-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2004.10.015 ] [PMID: 15755432 ] - PubMed
Carlisle 2004 {published data only}ISRCTN48754612
    1. Carlisle J. Randomised controlled trial of femoral nerve blockade for fractured femurs. http://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ISRCTN48754612 2004:Accessed December 2019. [CENTRAL: CN-01831183]
    1. Schiferer A, Gore C, Gorove L, Lang T, Steinlechner B, Zimpfer M, et al. A randomized controlled trial of femoral nerve blockade administered preclinically for pain relief in femoral trauma. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2007;105(6):1852-4. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Castillon 2017 {published data only}
    1. Castillon P, Veloso M, Gomez O, Salvador J, Bartra A, Angles F. Fascia iliaca block for pain control in hip fracture patients. Revista Espanola de Cirugia Ortopedica y Traumatologia 2017;61(6):383-9. - PubMed
Chang 2011 {published data only}
    1. Chang G, Rajamoney G N, Chua N H. Preliminary experience in acute pain control for non operated hip fracture. The Journal of Trauma 2011;71(1):269. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Christos 2010 {published data only}
    1. Christos SC, Chiampas G, Offman R, Rifenburg R. Ultrasound-guided three-in-one nerve block for femur fractures. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine 2010;11(4):310-3. [PMID: 21079698] - PMC - PubMed
Dodd 2019 {published data only}
    1. Dodd O, Polischuk M, Gangathimmaiah V, Jan S, Hooper K, Furyk J. Fascia iliaca catheters in emergency hip fractures: repeated boluses versus single bolus. A pilot study and double blind RCT protocol. Emergency Medicine Australasia 2019;31(Suppl 1):59. [CENTRAL: CN-01937925] [DOI: 10.1111/1742-6723.13240] [EMBASE: 627392159] - DOI
Dulaney‐Cripe 2012 {published data only}
    1. Dulaney-Cripe E, Hadaway S, Bauman R, Trame C, Smith C, Sillaman B, et al. A continuous infusion fascia iliaca compartment block in hip fracture patients: a pilot study. Journal of clinical medicine research 2012;4(1):45-8. [DOI: 10.4021/jocmr724w ] [PMID: 22383926 ] - PMC - PubMed
Durrani 2013 {published data only}
    1. Durrani HD, Butt KJ, Khosa AH, Umer A, Pervaiz M. Pain relief during positioning for spinal anaesthesia in patients with femoral fracture: a comparison between femoral nerve block and intravenous nalbuphine. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2013;7(4):928-32. [CENTRAL: CN-00977951]
Elkhodair 2011 {published data only}
    1. Elkhodair S, Mortazavi J, Chester A, Pereira M. Single fascia iliaca compartment block for pain relief in patients with fractured neck of femur in the emergency department: a pilot study. European Journal of Emergency Medicine 2011;18(6):340-3. [DOI: 10.1097/MEJ.0b013e32834533dd ] [PMID: 21422933 ] - PubMed
Evans 2019 {published data only}
    1. Evans B, Bulger J, Ford S, Foster T, Goodacre S, Jones S, et al. Public patient involvement in prehospital care research development - Designing the RAPID 2 Trial. British Medical Journal Open 2019;9(Suppl 2):A8-9.
Finlayson 1988 {published data only}
    1. Finlayson BJ, Underhill TJ. Femoral nerve block for analgesia in fractures of the femoral neck. Archives of Emergency Medicine 1988;5(3):173-6. [PMID: 3178977 ] - PMC - PubMed
Foss 2005 {published data only}
    1. Foss NB, Kristensen MT, Kristensen BB, Jensen PS, Kehlet H. Effect of postoperative epidural analgesia on rehabilitation and pain after hip fracture surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Anesthesiology 2005;102(6):1197-204. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Foss 2009 {published data only}
    1. Foss NB, Kristensen MT, Palm H, Kehlet H. Postoperative pain after hip fracture is procedure specific. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2009;102(1):111-6. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aen345] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Fujihara 2013 {published data only}
    1. Fujihara Y, Fukunishi S, Nishio S, Miura J, Koyanagi S, Yoshiya S. Fascia iliaca compartment block: its efficacy in pain control for patients with proximal femoral fracture. Journal of Orthopaedic Science 2013;18(5):793-7. [CENTRAL: CN-00862811] [DOI: 10.1007/s00776-013-0417-y] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Gasanova 2019 {published data only}
    1. Gasanova I, Alexander J C, Estrera K, Wells J, Sunna M, Minhajuddin A, et al. Response to the letter to the editor by Vermeylen and Leunen concerning "Ultrasound-guided suprainguinal fascia iliaca compartment block versus periarticular infiltration for pain management after total hip arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial". Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2019 April 16;N/A:[Epub ahead of print]. [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. Gasanova I, Alexander J C, Estrera K, Wells J, Sunna M, Minhajuddin A, Joshi G P. Ultrasound-guided suprainguinal fascia iliaca compartment block versus periarticular infiltration for pain management after total hip arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2019;44(2):206-11. [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. Vermeylen K, Leunen I. Ultrasound-guided suprainguinal fascia iliaca compartment block versus periarticular infiltration for pain management after total hip arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2019 Apr 16;NA(NA):[Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1136/rapm-2019-100519] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
George 2016 {published data only}CTRI/2016/09/007316
    1. George B. Comparative evaluation of ultrasound guided femoral nerve block versus fascia iliaca block for positioning during central neuraxial anesthesia in patients with proximal femoral fractures - FNBFIB. http://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2016/09/007316 2016:Accessed December 2019. [CENTRAL: CN-01868477] [DOI: 10.1002/central/CN-01868477/full] - DOI
Ghimire 2015 {published data only}
    1. Ghimire A, Bhattarai B, Koirala S, Subedi A. Analgesia before performing subarachnoid block in the sitting position in patients with proximal femoral fracture: a comparison between fascia iliaca block and femoral nerve block. Kathmandu University Medical Journal (KUMJ) 2015;13(50):152-5. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Godoy Monzon 2007 {published data only}
    1. Godoy Monzon D, Iserson KV, Vazquez JA. Single fascia iliaca compartment block for post-hip fracture pain relief. Journal of Emergency Medicine 2007;32(3):257-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2006.08.011 ] [PMID: ] - PubMed
Gorodetskyi 2007 {published data only}
    1. Gorodetskyi IG, Gorodnichenko AI, Tursin PS, Reshetnyak VK, Uskov ON. Non-invasive interactive neurostimulation in the post-operative recovery of patients with a trochanteric fracture of the femur. a randomised, controlled trial. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - British Volume 2007;89(11):1488-94. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Gosavi 2001 {published data only}
    1. Gosavi CP, Chaudhari LS, Poddar R. Use of femoral nerve block to help positioning during conduct of regional anesthesia. http://www.bhj.org.in/journal/2001_4304_oct/org_531.htm 2001:Accessed December 2019.
Gozlan 2005 {published data only}
    1. Gozlan C, Minville V, Asehnoune K, Raynal P, Zetlaoui P, Benhanou D. Fascia iliaca block for femoral bone fractures in prehospital medicine [Bloc iliofascial en médecine préhospitalière pour les fractures du fémur]. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2005;24(6):617-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annfar.2005.03.030] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Grigg 2009 {published data only}
    1. Grigg L, Randall A. Pain management in the pre-operative period for patients with a fractured neck of femur. Orthopaedic Nursing 2009;13(4):215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joon.2009.08.019] - DOI
Groot 2015 {published data only}
    1. Groot L, Dijksman LM, Simons MP, Zwartsenburg MM, Rebel JR. Single fascia iliaca compartment block is safe and effective for emergency pain relief in hip-fracture patients. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine 2015;16(7):1188-93. [DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2015.10.28270] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Haines 2012 {published data only}
    1. Haines L, Dickman E, Ayvazyan S, Pearl M, Wu S, Rosenblum D, et al. Ultrasound-guided fascia iliaca compartment block for hip fractures in the emergency department. The Journal of Emergency Medicine 2012;43(4):692-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2012.01.050] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Likourezos A. Ultrasound guided pain control versus standard treatment in emergency department hip fracture patients. Available at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/results/NCT01904071?term=NCT01904071... 2013:Accessed December 2019.
Hallberg 2012 {published data only}
    1. Hallberg A. Is regional anesthesia of the hip preferable over traditional analgesia in the acute stage of the management of patients with a fracture of the hip. Available at https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01593319 2012:Accessed December 2019. [CENTRAL: CN-01503294] [DOI: 10.1002/central/CN-01503294/full] - DOI
Hao 2018 {published data only}
    1. Hao J, Dong B, Zhang J, Luo Z. Pre-emptive analgesia with continuous fascia iliaca compartment block reduces postoperative delirium in elderly patients with hip fracture. A randomized controlled trial. Saudi Medical Journal 2019;40(9):901-6. [CENTRAL: CN-01987094] [DOI: 10.15537/smj.2019.9.24483] [EMBASE: 629332755] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Hao J. Early continuous fascia iliaca compartment block reduces postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing hip fracture surgery. http://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR1800014917:Acc... December 2019. [CENTRAL: CN-01899457] [DOI: 10.1002/central/CN-01899457/full]] - PubMed
Hauritz 2009 {published data only}
    1. Hauritz RW, Gerlif C, Rønholm E. Fascia iliaca block performed by emergency department physician trainees in hip fractures. Ugeskrift for Laeger 2009;9(7):515-8. [PMID: 19210934 ] - PubMed
Helsø 2016 {published data only}
    1. Helsø I, Jantzen C, Lauritzen JB, Jørgensen HL. Opioid usage during admission in hip fracture patients-The effect of the continuous femoral nerve block. Geriatric Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation 2016;7(4):197-201. [DOI: 10.1177/2151458516672284 ] [PMID: 27847679 ] - PMC - PubMed
Hoffmann 2015 {published data only}
    1. Hoffmann B, Rosseto E. Comparison of ultrasound guided femoral nerve blockade and standard parenteral opioid pain management alone in patients with hip fracture in the emergency department. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02381717?term=NCT02381717&dra... 2015:Accessed December 2019.
    1. Hoffmann B, Rosseto E. Ultrasound guided femoral nerve block. Available at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02381717 2015. [CENTRAL: CN-01504812] [DOI: 10.1002/central/CN-01504812/full] - DOI
Hogh 2008 {published data only}
    1. Høgh A, Dremstrup L, Jensen SS, Lindholt J. Fascia iliaca compartment block performed by junior registrars as a supplement to pre-operative analgesia for patients with hip fracture. Strategies in Trauma Limb Reconstruction 2008;3(2):65-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s11751-008-0037-9 ] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Hussain 2014 {published data only}
    1. Hussain R, Nazeer T, Asim A. Unilateral fascia iliaca block (FIB) for post-operative analgesia in fracture neck of femur surgery; comparison with standard post-operative analgesia. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 2014;8(4):818-20.
Iamaroon 2010 {published data only}
    1. Iamaroon A, Raksakietisak M, Halilamien P, Hongsawad J, Boonsararuxsapong K. Femoral nerve block versus fentanyl: analgesia for positioning patients with fractured femur. Local and Regional Anesthesia 2010;3:21-6. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Inan 2009 {published data only}
    1. Inan N, Akin Takmaz S, Iltar S, Yazici I, Başar H. The effects of two different multimodal analgesic regimens in total hip replacement surgery [Total kalça protezi operasyonlarında iki multimodal analjezi yönteminin etkinliği]. Agri 2009;21(2):69-74. [PMID: 19562535 ] - PubMed
Irwin 2012 {published data only}
    1. Irwin M, Mahalingam S, Mills G, Krahe L. Acute pain management for neck of femur fractures: a comparison of the fascia iliaca block versus traditional opiates. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(Suppl 2):ii422. [EMBASE: 70719658]
Isalgue 2014 {published data only}
    1. Isalgue SA, González Castilla R, Luzardo Silveira EM. Blocking of the iliac fascia compared to metamizol for preoperative analgesiain patients with hip fracture [Bloqueo de la fascia iliaca frente al metamizol para analgesia preoperatoriaen pacientes con fractura de cadera]. Medisan 2014;18(8):1127-33.
Ishioka 2018 {published data only}UMIN000034343
    1. Ishioka Y. The analgesic efficacy and the effect on postoperative outcome of preoperative fascia iliaca block for hip fracture. https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R00003... January 2020.
Kacha 2018 {published data only}
    1. Kacha NJ, Jadeja CA, Patel PJ, Chaudhari HB, Jivani JR, Pithadia VS. Comparative study for evaluating efficacy of fascia iliaca compartment block for alleviating pain of positioning for spinal anesthesia in patients with hip and proximal femur fractures. Indian Journal of Orthopaedics 2018;52(2):147-53. [DOI: 10.4103/ortho.IJOrtho_298_16] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Kang 2013 {published data only}
    1. Kang H, Ha YC, Kim JY, Woo YC, Lee JS, Jang EC. Effectiveness of multimodal pain management after bipolar hemiarthroplasty for hip fracture: a randomized, controlled study. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - American Volume 2013;95(4):291-6. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Kassam 2018 {published data only}
    1. Kassam A M, Gough A T, Davies J, Yarlagadda R. Can we reduce morphine use in elderly, proximal femoral fracture patients using a fascia iliac block? Geriatric Nursing 2018;39(1):84-7. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Klukowski 2017 {published data only}
    1. Klukowski M, Kowalczyk R, Górniewski G, Łęgosz P, Janiak M, Trzebicki J. Iliac fascia compartment block and analgesic consumption in patients operated on for hip fracture. Ortopedia Traumatologia Rehabiltacjia 2017;19(5):451-9. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0010.5825] [PMID: 29154229] - DOI - PubMed
Kristek 2019 {published data only}
    1. Kristek G, Rados I, Kristek D, Kapural L, Neskovic N, Skiljic S, et al. Influence of postoperative analgesia on systemic inflammatory response and postoperative cognitive dysfunction after femoral fractures surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2019;44(1):59-68. [CENTRAL: CN-01789399] [DOI: 10.1136/rapm-2018-000023] [EMBASE: 625942994] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. Erratum: Influence of postoperative analgesia on systemic inflammatory response and postoperative cognitive dysfunction after femoral fractures surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2019;44(10):e2. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Kumar 2016 {published data only}
    1. Kumar D, Hooda S, Kiran S, Devi J. Analgesic efficacy of ultrasound guided FICB in patients with hip fracture. Journal of Clinicial Diagnostic Research 2016;10(7):UC13-6. [DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2016/17802.8123] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Kumie 2015 {published data only}
    1. Kumie FT, Gebremedhn EG, Tawuye HY. Efficacy of fascia iliaca compartment nerve block as part of multimodal analgesia after surgery for femoral bone fracture. World Journal of Emergency Medicine 2015;6(2):142-6. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Lee 2015 {published data only}
    1. Lee J S, Bhandari T, Emond M, Perry J J, Woo M, Chenkin J. Ultrasound guided regional anesthesia in older hip fractures patients: uptake of regional anesthesia in randomly selected emergency physicians. Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine 2015;17:S47-8. [CENTRAL: CN-01375699] [EMBASE: 616389794]
Lee 2016 {published data only}
    1. Lee JS. ED Ultrasonographic regional anesthesia to prevent incident delirium in hip fracture patients (EDU-RAPID). Available at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02892968 2016. [CENTRAL: CN-01448965] [DOI: 10.1002/central/CN-01448965/full] - DOI
Leeper 2012 {published data only}
    1. Leeper A D, Brandon P T, Morgan A V, Cutts S, Cohen A M. Fascia iliaca compartment block reduces morphine requirement pre-operatively for patients with fractured neck of femur. European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery 2012;38(6):673-7. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Levente 2017 {published data only}
    1. Levente B Z, Filip M N, Romaniuc N, Gheorghe S. Efficacy and duration of ultrasound guided fascia iliaca block for hip fracture performed in the emergency departments. Romanian Journal of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2017;24(2):167-9. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Levine 2003 {published data only}
    1. Levine J, Triner W R, Lai SY. A randomized controlled trial comparing femoral nerve block to intravenous morphine in isolated femur fractures. Academic Emergency Medicine 2003;10(5):469. [CENTRAL: CN-00453244]
    1. Triner W, Levine J, Lai SY, McErlean M. Femoral nerve block for femur fractures. Annals of Emergency Medicine 2005;45(6):679. [CENTRAL: CN-00600793] [PMID: ] - PubMed
Li 2013 {published data only}
    1. Chen WQ, Guo N, Wang SS, Wang R, Huang F, Li SR. General laryngeal mask airway anesthesia with lumbar plexus and sciatic block provides better outcomes than general anesthesia and endotracheal intubation in elderly patients undergoing hip surgery. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 2018;78:227-32. [CENTRAL: CN-01930236] [DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2018.07.005] [EMBASE: 2000946813] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Li S, Chen W. The laryngeal mask anesthesia compound nerve block in the applications of the elderly orthopaedic surgery clinical research. http://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR-TRC-13003405 2013:Accessed December 2019.
Lopez 2003 {published data only}
    1. Lopez S, Gros T, Bernard N, Plasse C, Capdevila X. Fascia iliaca compartment block for femoral bone fractures in prehospital care. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2003;28(3):203-7. [DOI: 10.1053/rapm.2003.50134 ] [PMID: ] - PubMed
Mannion 2005 {published data only}
    1. Mannion S, Hayes I, Loughnane F, Murphy DB, Shorten GD. Intravenous but not perineural clonidine prolongs postoperative analgesia after psoas compartment block with 0.5% levobupivacaine for hip fracture surgery. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2005;100(3):873-8. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Manohara 2015 {published data only}
    1. Manohara S, Lim YC. A randomized, controlled trial comparing analgesic effects of ultrasound-guided supra-inguinal fascia iliaca block with femoral nerve block for surgical fixation of hip fractures. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 2015;40(5 Suppl 1):e93-4. [EMBASE: 72027148]
Marhofer 1998 {published data only}
    1. Marhofer P, Schrogendorfer K, Wallner T, Koinig H, Mayer N, Kapral S. Ultrasonographic guidance reduces the amount of local anesthetic for 3-in-1 blocks. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 1998;23(6):584-8. [PMID: 9840855 ] - PubMed
Masoumi 2014 {published data only}IRCT2014041717316N1
    1. Forouzan A, Masoumi K, Yadegar N, Rahim F, FeliM, Darian AA. Comparison of femoral nerve block with intravenous morphine sulfate for pain relief of femoral fracture. Asian Journal of Scientific Research 2015;8(3):429-35. [DOI: 10.3923/ajsr.2015.429.435] - DOI
    1. Masoumi K. Pain in femoral fractures. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2014041717316N1 2014:Accessed December 2019. [CENTRAL: CN-01870541] [DOI: 10.1002/central/CN-01870541/full] - DOI
Matot 2003 {published data only}
    1. Matot I, Oppenheim-Eden A, Ratrot R, Baranova J, Davidson E, Eylon S, et al. Preoperative cardiac events in elderly patients with hip fracture randomized to epidural or conventional analgesia. Anesthesiology 2003;98(1):156-63. [PMID: ] - PubMed
McGlone 1987 {published data only}
    1. McGlone R, Sadhra K, Hamer DW, Pritty PE. Femoral nerve block in the initial management of femoral shaft fractures. Archives of Emergency Medicine 1987;4(3):163-8. [DOI: 10.1136/emj.4.3.163 ] [PMID: 3689541 ] - PMC - PubMed
McRae 2015 {published data only}
    1. McRae P, Bendall JC, Madigan V, Middleton P. Paramedic performed fascia iliaca compartment block (FICB) for femoral fractures: a randomised controlled trial. Australasian Journal of Prehospital Care 2013;10(3):14-5.
    1. McRae PJ, Bendall JC, Madigan V, Middleton PM. Paramedic-performed fascia iliaca compartment block for femoral fractures: a controlled trial. The Journal of Emergency Medicine 2015;48(5):581-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Memary 2015 {published data only}IRCT201204309593N1
    1. Memary E. The effect of perineural administration of dexmedetomidine on propofol and narcotic consumption and pain intensity in the patients undergoing femoral shaft fracture surgery. http://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT201204309593N1 2015:Accessed December 2019. [CENTRAL: CN-01822701] [DOI: 10.1002/central/CN-01822701/full] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Mostafa 2015 {published data only}
    1. Mostafa S F, Eid G M, Elkalla R S. Patient-controlled fascia iliaca compartment block versus fentanyl patient controlled intravenous analgesia in patients undergoing femur fractures surgery. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2018;34:9-13. [CENTRAL: CN-01452659] [DOI: 10.1016/j.egja.2017.12.002] [EMBASE: 620031634] - DOI
    1. Mostafa S F. Fascia iliaca compartment block. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=PACTR201512001376158 2015 2015:Accessed December 2019. [CENTRAL: CN-01828502] [DOI: 10.1002/central/CN-01828502/full] - DOI
Mutty 2007 {published data only}
    1. Mutty CE, Jensen EJ, Manka MA Jr, Anders MJ, Bone LB. Femoral nerve block for diaphyseal and distal femoral fractures in the emergency department. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - American Volume 2007;89(12):2599-603. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Nielsen 2015 {published data only}
    1. Nielsen TD, Brendtsen TF. Obturator and femoral nerve block in patients with hip fracture. Available at https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02540837 2015:Accessed December 2019. [CENTRAL: CN-01491994]
Pakhare 2016 {published data only}
    1. Pakhare PV, Pendyala P. A randomized prospective study of comparison of IV fentanyl vs. femoral nerve block to facilitate administration of subarachnoid block in sitting position for femur fracture surgeries. Indian Journal of Clinical Anaesthesia 2016;3(4):507-11. [DOI: 10.18231/2394-4994.2016.0004] - DOI
Parras 2016 {published data only}
    1. Parras T, Blanco R. Randomised trial comparing the transversus abdominis plane block posterior approach or quadratus lumborum block type I with femoral block for postoperative analgesia in femoral neck fracture, both ultrasound-guided. Revista Espanola de Anestesiologia y Reanimacion 2016;63(3):141-8. [CENTRAL: CN-01411593] [PMID: ] - PubMed
Perrier 2010 {published data only}
    1. Perrier V, Julliac B, Lelias A, Morel N, Dabadie P, Sztark F. Influence of the fascia iliaca compartment block on postoperative cognitive status in the elderly. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2010;29(4):283-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annfar.2009.12.021] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Piangatelli 2004 {published data only}
    1. Piangatelli C, De Angelis C, Pecora L, Recanatini F, Testasecca D. Levobupivacaine versus ropivacaine in psoas compartment block and sciatic nerve block in orthopedic surgery of the lower extremity. Minerva Anestesiologica 2004;70(12):801-7. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Randall 2008 {published data only}
    1. Obideyi A, Srikantharajah I, Grigg L, Randall A. Nurse administered fascia iliaca compartment block for pre-operative pain relief in adult fractured neck of femur. Acute Pain 2008;10(3-4):145-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.acpain.2008.05.014] - DOI
    1. Randall A, Grigg L, Obideyi A, Srikantharajah I. Fascia iliaca compartment block: a nurse-led initiative for preoperative pain management in patients with a fractured neck of femur. Journal of Orthopaedic Nursing 2008;12(2):69-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joon.2008.07.007] - DOI
Rapchuk 2013 {published data only}
    1. Rapchuk IL, Glover P. Combined use of fascia iliaca block, subarachnoid block and dexmedetomidine sedation for patients having fractured femur surgery. Journal of Anesthesia 2013;27(1):149-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00540-012-1481-8] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Rashwan 2013 {published data only}
    1. Rashwan D. Levobupivacaine patient controlled analgesia: epidural versus blind fascia iliaca compartment analgesia – a comparative study. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;29(2):155-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.egja.2012.10.002] - DOI
Reavley 2015 {published data only}
    1. Reavley P, Montgomery AA, Smith JE, Binks S, Edwards J, Elder G, et al. Randomised trial of the fascia iliaca block versus the '3-in-1' block for femoral neck fractures in the emergency department. Emergency Medicine Journal 2015;32(9):685-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Reddy 2016 {published data only}
    1. Reddy ED, Rao BD. Comparative study of efficacy of femoral nerve block and IV fentanyl for positioning during femur fracture surgery. International Surgery Journal 2016;3(1):321-4. [DOI: 10.18203/2349-2902.isj20160252] - DOI
Rojas Rivera 2002 {published data only}
    1. Rojas Rivera W, Abed-R M. Three-in-one femoral block for transtoncanteric hip fracture surgery: safety and analgesia [Bloqueo femoral tres en uno para cirugía de fractura transtoncantérica de cadera: seguridad y analgesia]. Acta Medica Costarricense 2002;44(2):62-7.
Sahota 2011 {published data only}2010‐023871‐25ISRCTN92946117
    1. Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust. The FINOF(femoral nerve-block intervention in neck of femur fracture) study - FINOF. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=EUCTR2010-023871-25-GB 2011:Accessed December 2019. [CENTRAL: CN-01843196] [DOI: 10.1002/central/CN-01843196/full] - DOI
    1. Rowlands M, Walt G V, Bradley J, Mannings A, Armstrong S, Bedforth N, et al. Femoral nerve block intervention in neck of femur fracture (FINOF): a randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal Open 2018;8(4):e019650-e019650. [CENTRAL: CN-01708268] [DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019650] [EMBASE: 625044103] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Sahota O, Rowlands M, Bradley J, Van de Walt G, Bedforth N, Armstrong S, et al. Femoral nerve block Intervention in neck of femur fracture (FINOF): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2014;15(May 24):189. [DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-189] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Sahota O. The FINOF - femoral nerve-block Intervention in neck of femur fracture study. https://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ISRCTN92946117 2012:Accessed December 2019.
Scheinin 2000 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Scheinin 2015. Additional information for our trial [personal communication]. Email to: J Guay 25 May 2015.
    1. Scheinin H, Virtanen T, Kentala E, Uotila P, Laitio T, Hartiala J, et al. Epidural infusion of bupivacaine and fentanyl reduces perioperative myocardial ischaemia in elderly patients with hip fracture - a randomized controlled trial. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2000;44(9):1061-70. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Segado Jimenez 2010 {published data only}
    1. Segado Jimenez I. Information on our trial [personal communication]. Email to: J Guay 24 April 2016.
    1. Segado Jimenez MI, Arias Delgado J, Casas Garcıa ML, Domınguez Hervella F, Lopez Perez A, Bayon Gago M, et al. Post-surgical analgesia in hip surgery: a comparison of three techniques [Abordaje de la analgesia postoperatoria en cirugıa de cadera: comparativa de 3 tecnicas]. Revista Sociedad Espanola del Dolor 2010;17(6):259-67.
Shi 2018 {published data only}
    1. Shi Z Y, Jiang C N, Shao G. Application of lower limb nerve block combined with slow induction of light general anesthesia and tracheal induction in elderly hip surgery. Medicine 2018;97(40):e12581. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Sia 2004 {published data only}
    1. Sia S, Pelusio F, Barbagli R, Rivituso C. Analgesia before performing a spinal block in the sitting position in patients with femoral shaft fracture: a comparison between femoral nerve block and intravenous fentanyl. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2004;99(4):1221-4. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Siguira 2014 {published data only}JPRN‐UMIN000016015
    1. Sugiura T. Articular branches of the femoral nerve block; it`s analgesic efficacy on patients with proximal femoral fracture. http://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=JPRN-UMIN000016015 2014:Accessed December 2019. [CENTRAL: CN-01879824]
Singh 2016 {published data only}
    1. Singh A P, Kohli V, Bajwa S J. Intravenous analgesia with opioids versus femoral nerve block with 0.2% ropivacaine as preemptive analgesic for fracture femur: A randomized comparative study. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches 2016;10(2):338-42. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Sonawane 2019 {published data only}
    1. Sonawane K. Analgesic efficacy of on-arrival ultrasound guided pericapsular nerve group (PENG) block vs femoral nerve block vs femoral articular branch block in patients with unilateral hip fracture. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2019/04/018651 2019:Accessed December 2019. [CENTRAL: CN-01974563]
    1. Sonawane K. Analgesic efficacy of Pre-Emptive USG guided pericapsular nerve group (PENG) block vs femoral nerve block vs articular branch block while positioning the patient during neuraxial anaesthesia for unilateral hip fracture surgery. http://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2019/04/018654:... December 2019.
Swart 2017 {published data only}
    1. Swart E, Matuszewski P. Randomized controlled trial for exparel hip fracture. Available at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03289858 2017:Accessed December 2019. [CENTRAL: CN-01564275] [DOI: 10.1002/central/CN-01564275/full] - DOI
Tao 2016 {published data only}ChiCTR‐INC‐16009960
    1. Tao K. Nerve block anesthesia and general anesthesia influnce postoperative on cognitive dysfunction after hip athroplasty of aged fracture of neck of femur patients: randomized controlled trial. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR-INC-16009960 2016:Accessed December 2019. [CENTRAL: CN-01805484]
Thakur 2018 {published data only}CTRI/2018/01/011435
    1. Takhur DP. Efficacy of fascia iliaca compartment block versus intravenous fentanyl onpositioning for regional anaesthesia in patients with fracture femur. http://www.ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=15672 2018:Accessed January 2020.
Turker 2003 {published data only}
    1. Turker G, Uckunkaya N, Yavascaoglu B, Yilmazlar A, Ozcelik S. Comparison of the catheter-technique psoas compartment block and the epidural block for analgesia in partial hip replacement surgery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2003;47(1):30-6. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Van Leeuwen 2000 {published data only}
    1. Van Leeuwen FL, Bronselaer K, Gilles M, Sabbe MB, Delooz HH. The 'three in one' block as locoregional analgesia in an emergency department. European Journal of Emergency Medicine 2000;7(1):35-8. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Vats 2016 {published data only}
    1. Vats A, Gandhi M, Jain P, Arora KK. Comparative evaluation of femoral nerve block and intravenous fentanyl for positioning during spinal anaesthesia in surgeries of femur fracture. International Journal of Contemporary Medical Research 2016;3(8):2298-301.
Wang 2019 {published data only}ChiCTR1900021118
    1. Wang QH. Application of continuous nerve block guided by ultrasound in perioperative analgesia of hip fracture patients. http://www.chictr.org.cn/showprojen.aspx?proj=33224 2019:Accessed January 2020.
Wei 2018 {published data only}ChiCTR1800018503
    1. Wei D. Application of iliofascial gap block combined with lumbar epidural anesthesia in total hip replacement. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR1800018503 2018:Accessed December 2019. [CENTRAL: CN-01908354] [DOI: 10.1002/central/CN-01908354/full] - DOI
WHO Int 2007 {published data only}EUCTR2006‐004001‐26‐GB
    1. WHO Int. A randomised controlled trial of fascia iliaca compartment block vs. morphine for pain in fractured neck of femur in the emergency department: a pilot study - fascia iliaca compartment block vs parenteral morphine sulphate. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=EUCTR2006-004001-26-GB 2007:Accessed December 2019. [CENTRAL: CN-01838104] [DOI: 10.1002/central/CN-01838104/full] - DOI
Williams 2016 {published data only}
    1. Williams H, Paringe V, Shenoy S, Michaels P, Ramesh B. Standard preoperative analgesia with or without fascia iliaca compartment block for femoral neck fractures. Journal of Orthopedic Surgery (Hong Kong) 2016;24(1):31-5. [DOI: 10.1177/230949901602400109 ] [PMID: ] - PubMed
Zadeh 2015 {published data only}IRCT2015102712642N19
    1. Zadeh P R. The effect of nerve block anesthesia on patients with femur fractures. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2015102712642N19 2015:Accessed December 2019. [CENTRAL: CN-01873707]
Zheng 2017 {published data only}
    1. Zheng X, You M. Application of modified fascial iliaca block approach in enhanced recovery after surgery of femoral fracture in elderly patients. http://www.chictr.org.cn/showprojen.aspx?proj=21433 2017:Accessed January 2020.

References to ongoing studies

Capelleri 2017 {published data only}
    1. Capelleri G. Early femoral block in elderly with hip fracture. Available at https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03092466:Accessed December 2019. [CENTRAL: CN-01562908] [DOI: 10.1002/central/CN-01562908/full] - DOI
Carvalho 2015 {published data only}
    1. Carvalho R. Anesthesia and post-operative mortality after proximal femur fractures. Available at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02406300?cond=NCT02406300&dra... 2015:Accessed December 2019.
Chinachoti 2010 {published data only}
    1. Chinachoti T, Chairatthanawanit S. Intrathecal morphine, femoral nerve block, periarticular bupivacaine infiltration for pain after intramedullary hip screw. Available at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01219088?cond=NCT01219088&dra... 2010:Accessed December 2019.
    1. Chinachoti T, Chairatthanawanit S. Post operative pain control among intrathecal 0.1 mg morphine, femoral nerve block, or periarticular infiltration of 20 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine in patients post intramedullary hip screw. CENTRAL 2010. [CENTRAL: CN-01501321] [DOI: 10.1002/central/CN-01501321/full] - DOI
Chiu 2016 {published data only}
    1. Chiu TL, McAllister D, Ali M, Short T. Evaluating the addition of regional analgesia to reduce postoperative delirium in patients having hip fracture surgery. Available at https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02689388 2016:Accessed December 2019. [CENTRAL: CN-01448955] [DOI: 10.1002/central/CN-01448955/full] - DOI
ClinicalTrials.gov 2019 {published data only}
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Compere 2012 {published data only}
    1. Compere V. Hip fracture and perineural catheter. Available at https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01638845 2012:Accessed December 2019.
Cong 2016 {published data only}ChiCTR‐INR‐16009481
    1. Cong R. Nerve block anesthesia and general anesthesia influence postoperative on cognitive dysfunction after hip athroplasty of aged fracture of neck of femur patients: randomized controlled trial. http://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR-INR-16009481 2016:Accessed December 2019. [CENTRAL: CN-01849088]
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Dhimar 2017 {published data only}CTRI/2017/10/009995
    1. Dhimar A A. Analgesic effect provided by femoral nerve block versus intravenous fentanyl prior to positioning for sub arachnoid block in patients with fracture femur. http://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2017/10/009995 2017:Accessed December 2019. [CENTRAL: CN-01894746] [DOI: 10.1002/central/CN-01894746/full] - DOI
Diakomi 2015 {published data only}
    1. Diakomi M. Fascia iliaca compartment block in acute and chronic pain management in hip fracture patients. Available at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?cond=&term=NCT02479828&cn... Accessed 18 January 2020.
El Sharkawy 2016 {published data only}
    1. El Sharkawy RA. Fascia iliaca compartment block for proximal-end femur fractures. Available at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02696915 2016:Accessed December 2019. [CENTRAL: CN-01556201] [DOI: 10.1002/central/CN-01556201/full] - DOI
Kulkarni 2018 {published data only}CTRI/2018/12/016679
    1. Kulkarni SJ, Sahasrabuddhe S. USG guided fascia iliaca compartment block for post operative analgesia In proximal femur fracture. http://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2018/12/016679 2018:Accessed December 2019. [CENTRAL: CN-01948470] [DOI: 10.1002/central/CN-01948470/full] - DOI
Levins 2006 {published data only}ISRCTN75659782
    1. Levins FA. Intra- and post-operative analgesia for patients undergoing surgery for hip fracture - role of fascia iliaca compartment block. http://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ISRCTN75659782 2017:Accessed December 2019. [CENTRAL: CN-01862137] [DOI: 10.1002/central/CN-01862137/full]]
Li 2018 {published data only}ChiCTR1900021549
    1. Li JB, Zhang JH. Effect of lumbar plexus block combined with dexmedetomidine on postoperative delirium in elderly patients with hip fractures: a prospective, randomized controlled trial. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR1900021549 2018:Accessed December 2019. [CENTRAL: CN-01949555] [DOI: 10.1002/central/CN-01949555/full] - DOI
Luo 2019 {published data only}ChiCTR1900022595
    1. Luo F, Zhao W. Effects of ultrasound-guided continuous modified fascia iliaca compartment block for postoperative recovery in elderly patients with femoral fracture. http://www.chictr.org.cn/showprojen.aspx?proj=33236:Accessed January 2020.
Mathijssen 2015 {published data only}EUCTR2015‐004119‐19‐N
    1. Mathijssen N. Nerve blockage in patients with a hip fracture. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=EUCTR2015-004119-19-NL 2016:Accessed December 2019.
Nguyen 2018 {published data only}
    1. Nguyen MP. Impact of fascia iliaca block in hip fracture patients. Available at https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03525977 2018:Accessed December 2019. [CENTRAL: CN-01659565] [DOI: 10.1002/central/CN-01659565/full] - DOI
Park 2009 {published data only}ACTRN12609000526279
    1. Park E. Ultrasound guided femoral nerve block using 1% ropivacaine as a method of pain control in patients whopresent to emergency with a fractured hip.. http://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ACTRN12609000526279 2009:Accessed January 2020.
Postma 2017 {published data only}16T215NL60104.096.16
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Xuesheng 2019 {published data only}ChiCTR1900025113
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Yun 2018 {published data only}ChiCTR1800016421
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References to other published versions of this review

Guay 2017
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