Description of the Follicular Fluid Cytokine and Hormone Profiles in Human Physiological Natural Cycles

Abstract

Purpose: Exogenous gonadotrophins administration during in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) cycles could significantly alter the endogenous follicular regulation system and could influence oocyte quality. The analysis of the follicular fluid (FF) cytokine and hormone profiles in physiological natural cycles is crucial to appreciate the role of FF milieu on follicle development. So far, the FF cytokine profile has been analyzed only in controlled ovarian stimulation cycles and in modified natural cycles. Our study defines, in physiological natural cycles, the cytokine and hormone profiles of individual FF aspirated from antral follicles.

Methods: A total of 203 FFs obtained from 83 women with regular menstrual cycles undergoing ovarian tissue cryopreservation were analyzed: 115 FFs from Group 1 (10 to 29 years of age) and 88 FFs from Group 2 (30 to 40 years of age). In individual FF, 27 cytokines were measured with xMAP technology, and progesterone, estrone, estradiol, testosterone, androstenedione concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Results: FF hormone profiles were not different in follicular and luteal phase, suggesting that FF hormones are regulated independently of the endogenous gonadotrophins-possibly because 74% of the punctured follicles, which were ≤6 mm, did not require cyclic pituitary function. The follicle size was influenced not only by the FF cytokine profile but also by the FF hormone profile, both of which are dependent on age.

Main conclusions: In physiological natural cycles, FF hormones seems to be regulated independently of the endogenous gonadotropins. Age influences FF hormone and cytokine profiles and the compelling relationship between FF hormones and FF cytokines could influence the follicle development.

Keywords: cytokines; follicular fluid; hormones; ovary; physiological natural cycles.

Figure 1.

Cytokine profile based on follicle size in physiological natural cycles. The levels of the 27 cytokines were measured with multiplex bead-based assays in FF of small follicles (2-6 mm), of medium follicles (7-11 mm), of large follicles (12-17 mm) and of differentiated preovulatory follicles (18-24 mm) obtained from the whole group of women. The mean values ± standard deviation (Mean ± SD) of the 27 FF cytokine were calculated.