Drying Climates and Gendered Suffering: Links Between Drought, Food Insecurity, and Women's HIV in Less-Developed Countries

Abstract

HIV/AIDS represents the leading cause of death among women of reproductive age globally, and gender inequalities in the burden of HIV/AIDS are most pronounced in poorer countries. Drawing on ideas from feminist political ecology, we explore linkages between suffering from drought, food insecurity, and women's vulnerability to HIV. Using data from 91 less-developed countries, we construct a structural equation model to analyze the direct and indirect influence of these factors, alongside other socio-economic indicators, on the percentage of the adult population living with HIV that are women. We find that droughts are significant in shaping gender inequalities in the HIV burden indirectly through increased food insecurity. We draw on prior research to argue that due to gendered inequalities, food insecurity increases women's vulnerability to HIV by intensifying biological susceptibilities to the disease, reducing access to social and health resources, and motivating women to engage in risky sexual behaviors, such as transactional sex. Overall, our findings demonstrate that droughts serve as an important underlying factor in promoting HIV transmission among vulnerable women in poor countries, and that food insecurity is a key mechanism in driving this relationship.

Keywords: Drought; Environment; Food insecurity; Gender; HIV/AIDS.

Fig. 1

SEM predicting the percent of the population living with HIV who are women, saturated model

Fig. 2

SEM predicting the percent of the population living with HIV who are women. Notes standardized coefficients flagged ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05, (two-tailed tests)