Price of a hepatitis C cure: Cost of production and current prices for direct-acting antivirals in 50 countries

Abstract

Objectives: Seven years after the introduction of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) for the treatment of hepatitis C, high prices remain a barrier for treatment programs worldwide. This study seeks to describe current prices for originator DAAs in 50 countries and evaluate the relationship between prices and GDP per capita.

Methods: Data on prices of sofosbuvir, daclatasvir, sofosbuvir/ledipasvir, sofosbuvir/velpatasvir, and glecaprevir/pibrentasvir were collected from national databases for 50 countries. Cost-based generic prices were estimated using an established algorithm, which accounts for costs of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), excipients, conversion costs of API to finished pharmaceutical product, taxes assuming manufacture in India, and a 10% profit margin. Correlation between current market prices and GDP per capita was assessed by Spearman rank-order correlation.

Results: Median originator prices per standard course were US$40,502 for sofosbuvir, US$26,928 for daclatasvir, US$46,812 for sofosbuvir/ledipasvir, US$34,381 for sofosbuvir/velpatasvir, and US$30,710 for glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (G/P). The estimated cost-based generic prices for a 12-week course were US$28 for sofosbuvir, US$31 for ledipasvir, US$58 for velpatasvir, US$4 for daclatasvir. For fixed-dose combinations, estimated cost-based prices were US$58 for sofosbuvir/ledipasvir, US$85 for sofosbuvir/velpatasvir, and US$31 for sofosbuvir/daclatasvir (API cost data were insufficient to calculate an estimate for G/P). Cumulative originator sales of WHO-recommended DAAs reached US$82 billion by the end of 2019. Across the 50 countries, there was no correlation between GDP per capita and DAA price, nor between estimated viraemic population and DAA price. Sub-analyses within World Bank income groups found a significant negative correlation between price and GDP per capita for all DAAs within the high-income countries group.

Conclusions: Prices of DAAs vary widely across countries. The lack of correlation between DAA price and GDP per capita and viraemic population suggests that prices for DAAs are not adjusted based on country income level or potential patient population. Among high-income countries, DAA prices fall as income levels rise, possibly due to greater negotiating power of wealthier countries. DAA prices in most countries remain many times higher than estimated cost-based generic prices.

Keywords: Daclatasvir; Hepatitis C; Ledipasvir; Sofosbuvir; Velpatasvir.

Fig. 1

Estimated cost-based generic prices for sofosbuvir, ledipasvir, daclatasvir, and velpatasvir.

Fig. 2

Annual sales of HCV DAAs by year. ∗Regulatory filings for BMS report daclatasvir sales along with sales for asunaprevir and beclabuvir.

Fig. 3

Relationship between price of DAAs and GDP per capita (by income group), with bubble size scaled to estimated number of prevalent infections by country Relationship.

Fig. 3

Relationship between price of DAAs and GDP per capita (by income group), with bubble size scaled to estimated number of prevalent infections by country Relationship.

Fig. 3

Relationship between price of DAAs and GDP per capita (by income group), with bubble size scaled to estimated number of prevalent infections by country Relationship.