Suppression of tau-induced phenotypes by vitamin E demonstrates the dissociation of oxidative stress and phosphorylation in mechanisms of tau toxicity

Abstract

Various lines of evidence implicate oxidative stress in the pathogenic mechanism(s) underpinning tauopathies. Consequently, antioxidant therapies have been considered in clinical practice for the treatment of tauopathies such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), but with mixed results. We and others have previously reported increased protein oxidation upon expression of both human 0N3R (hTau^0N3R ) and 0N4R (hTau^0N4R ) tau in vivo. Building on these studies, we demonstrate here the suppression of hTau^0N3R associated phenotypes in Drosophila melanogaster after treatment with vitamin C or vitamin E. Curiously the rescue of phenotype was seen without alteration in total tau level or alteration in phosphorylation at a number of disease-associated sites. Moreover, treatment with paraquat, a pro-oxidant drug, did not exacerbate the hTau^0N3R phenotypes. This result following paraquat treatment is reminiscent of our previous findings with hTau^0N4R which also causes greater oxidative stress when compared to hTau^0N3R but has a milder phenotype. Collectively our data imply that the role of oxidative stress in tau-mediated toxicity is not straight forward and there may be isoform-specific effects as well as contribution of other factors. This may explain the ambiguous effects of anti-oxidant treatments on clinical outcome in dementia patients.

Keywords: Alzheimer's disease; Tau isoforms; Tau phosphorylation; antioxidant; locomotion; oxidative stress.