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. 2020 Nov 15;11(11):527-539.
doi: 10.4239/wjd.v11.i11.527.

Type 1 diabetes and associated autoimmune diseases

Lara Frommer  1 , George J Kahaly  2
Affiliations

Type 1 diabetes and associated autoimmune diseases

Lara Frommer et al. World J Diabetes. .

Abstract

Background: Common autoimmune diseases (AID) tend to occur together in the same individual and families. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is caused by an autoimmune-induced inflammatory destruction of the pancreatic tissue and clusters with several other AID.

Aim: To compare the demographic, clinical, and serological features of patients with single T1D vs those with T1D and associated AID.

Methods: From October 1999 to February 2020, a total of 665 patients with T1D and their first-degree relatives were evaluated.

Results: Compared to patients with isolated T1D, those with T1D + AID were older and had a higher female: male ratio. Average patient age and age at disease onset were higher in T1D + AID vs T1D only. The average time interval between T1D onset and the onset of a second glandular AID was markedly shorter than the time interval between T1D and the occurrence of a non-endocrine AID. T1D-specific autoantibodies were more frequent in patients with T1D + AID and relatives vs those with T1D only. However, the prevalence of AID and autoantibodies against various tissues were found to be higher in relatives of patients with T1D only compared to relatives of patients with T1D + AID.

Conclusion: Annual serological and subsequent functional screening for AID in patients with T1D and their first-degree relatives is recommended.

Keywords: Antibodies; Autoimmune endocrine diseases; Autoimmune non-endocrine disorders; Autoimmunity; Serology; Type 1 diabetes.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors have no conflict-of interest to disclose.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes-cellular crosstalk. CD: Celiac disease; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; IL 1-β: Interleukin 1-β; NK: Natural killer cell.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Associated autoimmune disorders in type 1 diabetes. The prevalence of associated glandular (black) and non-glandular (light grey) autoimmune diseases in patients with type 1 diabetes + autoimmune diseases, followed at the Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Prevalence of autoantibodies in type 1 diabetes. The prevalence of autoantibodies in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) (light grey) and in patients with T1D + autoimmune diseases (black), followed at the Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center. T1D: Type 1 diabetes; AID: Autoimmune diseases.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Autoantibodies in relatives. Prevalence of autoantibodies in the relatives of patients with type 1 diabetes only (T1D) (light grey) and in the relatives of those with T1D + autoimmune diseases (AID, black). T1D: Type 1 diabetes; AID: Autoimmune diseases.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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