Radiobiological effects of the interruption time with Monte Carlo Simulation on multiple fields in photon beams

Abstract

Purpose: The interruption time is the irradiation interruption that occurs at sites and operations such as the gantry, collimator, couch rotation, and patient setup within the field in radiotherapy. However, the radiobiological effect of prolonging the treatment time by the interruption time for tumor cells is little evaluated. We investigated the effect of the interruption time on the radiobiological effectiveness with photon beams based on a modified microdosimetric kinetic (mMK) model.

Methods: The dose-mean lineal energy y_D (keV/µm) of 6-MV photon beams was calculated by the particle and heavy ion transport system (PHITS). We set the absorbed dose to 2 or 8 Gy, and the interruption time (τ) was set to 1, 3, 5, 10, 30, and 60 min. The biological parameters such as α_0, β_0, and DNA repair constant rate (a + c) values were acquired from a human non-small-cell lung cancer cell line (NCI-H460) for the mMK model. We used two-field and four-field irradiation with a constant dose rate (3 Gy/min); the photon beams were paused for interruption time τ. We calculated the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) to evaluate the interruption time's effect compared with no interrupted as a reference.

Results: The y_D of 6-MV photon beams was 2.32 (keV/µm), and there was little effect by changing the water depth (standard deviation was 0.01). The RBE with four-field irradiation for 8 Gy was decreased to 0.997, 0.975, 0.900, and 0.836 τ = 1, 10, 30, 60 min, respectively. In addition, the RBE was affected by the repair constant rate (a + c) value, the greater the decrease in RBE with the longer the interruption time when the (a + c) value was large.

Conclusion: The ~10-min interruption of 6-MV photon beams did not significantly impact the radiobiological effectiveness, since the RBE decrease was <3%. Nevertheless, the RBE's effect on tumor cells was decreased about 30% by increasing the 60 min interruption time at 8 Gy with four-field irradiation. It is thus necessary to make the interruption time as short as possible.

Keywords: Monte Carlo simulation; external photon beam; interruption time; microdosimetric kinetic model; sublethal damage repair.

Fig. 1

Irradiation geometry for the Monte Carlo calculations with 6‐MV photon beams. The domain radius was 0.5 μm in the 3‐cm‐wide measurement region in a water‐equivalent phantom.

Fig. 2

Four‐field photon beams using the mMK model, considering the photon beams' interruption time.

Fig. 3

The dose‐mean lineal energy y_D as a function of y‐yd(y) for 6‐MV photon beams at 10‐cm‐deep in a water‐equivalent phantom (a). Relationship between the depth (3 cm from the measurement point in the phantom) and the dose‐mean lineal energy y_D (b).

Fig. 4

The interruption time's effect on the SF with two‐field (a) and four‐field (b) irradiation with various interruption times.

Fig. 5

The interruption time's effect on RBE with two‐ (a) and four‐field (b) irradiation with various interruption times.

Fig. 6

RBE as a function of the cell‐specific repair rate (a + c) with τ = 10 min (a) and τ = 60 min (b) (four‐field irradiation).