Recovery Profiles after Concussion among Male Student-Athletes and Service Cadets with a Family History of Neurodegenerative Disease: Data from the NCAA-DoD CARE Consortium

Abstract

Preliminary evidence indicates that genetic factors associated with having a family history of neurodegenerative disease (fhNDD) may predispose an individual to persistent symptoms and poorer cognitive performance after concussion. No previous study, however, longitudinally examined athletes with (+) and without (-) a fhNDD. Therefore, we aimed to compare clinical symptoms and cognitive performance of fhNDD+ and fhNDD- athletes at baseline and at multiple time points after concussion. Questionnaire data from the Concussion Assessment, Research and Education (CARE) Consortium were used to identify male athletes and cadets with (n = 51) and without (n = 102) a fhNDD (Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, mild cognitive impairment, and non-Alzheimer dementia). All athletes completed the SCAT3 symptom checklist and ImPACT test before their sport season and again within 24-48 h of injury, at the unrestricted return-to-play, and at six months post-concussion. Compared with fhNDD-, fhNDD+ individuals demonstrated greater decrements in visual memory (relative to baseline) 24-48 h post-injury (p < 0.05, d = 0.18). In addition, a main effect of group was observed for impulse control. Compared with fhNDD- athletes, fhNDD+ individuals demonstrated greater decrements in impulse control, 24-48 h post-injury, at the return to play, and at six-month assessments (p < 0.01, d = 0.23). These findings suggest that male athletes with a fhNDD may exhibit greater decrements in cognitive performance after concussion. Small, subtle deficits in cognitive performance may still significantly hinder day-to-day function in student-athletes.

Keywords: cognitive control; neurodegenerative diseases; recovery; sports-related concussion.