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Meta-Analysis
. 2021 Jan:295:113599.
doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113599. Epub 2020 Nov 26.

Prevalence of symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, posttraumatic stress disorder, and psychological distress among populations affected by the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Jude Mary Cénat  1 , Camille Blais-Rochette  2 , Cyrille Kossigan Kokou-Kpolou  3 , Pari-Gole Noorishad  2 , Joana N Mukunzi  2 , Sara-Emilie McIntee  2 , Rose Darly Dalexis  4 , Marc-André Goulet  2 , Patrick R Labelle  5
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Prevalence of symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, posttraumatic stress disorder, and psychological distress among populations affected by the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Jude Mary Cénat et al. Psychiatry Res. 2021 Jan.

Abstract

Objective: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the pooled prevalence of depression, anxiety, insomnia, PTSD, and Psychological distress (PD) related to COVID-19 among affected populations.

Methods: We searched articles in Medline, Embase, APA PsycInfo, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science. Random-effects meta-analyses on the proportions of individuals with symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, PTSD, and PD were generated and between-group differences for gender, healthcare workers (HCWs), and regions where studies were conducted.

Results: A total of 2189 articles were screened, 136 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. Fifty-five peer-reviewed studies met inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis (N=189,159). The prevalence of depression (k=46) was 15.97% (95%CI, 13.24-19.13). The prevalence of anxiety (k=54) was 15.15% (95%CI, 12.29-18.54). The prevalence of insomnia (k=14) was 23.87% (95%CI, 15.74-34.48). The prevalence of PTSD (k=13) was 21.94% (95%CI, 9.37-43.31). Finally, the prevalence of psychological distress (k=19) was 13.29% (95%CI, 8.80-19.57). Between-group differences were only found in HCWs (z=2.69, p < 0.05) who had a higher prevalence of insomnia than others.

Conclusions: Findings suggest that the short-term mental health consequences of COVID-19 are equally high across affected countries, and across gender. However, reports of insomnia are significantly higher among HCWs than the general population.

Keywords: Anxiety; COVID-19; Depression; Insomnia; Posttraumatic stress disorder; Psychological distress; Systematic review with meta-analysis.

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Conflict of interest statement

No conflict of interest for any author.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig. 1
PRISMA chart for the meta-analysis search process.
Fig 2
Fig. 2
Forest plot of pooled depression prevalence and comparisons between citizens and healthcare workers, geographical regions, and gender.
Fig 2
Fig. 2
Forest plot of pooled depression prevalence and comparisons between citizens and healthcare workers, geographical regions, and gender.
Fig 3
Fig. 3
Forest plot of pooled depression prevalence and comparisons between citizens and healthcare workers, geographical regions, and gender.
Fig 3
Fig. 3
Forest plot of pooled depression prevalence and comparisons between citizens and healthcare workers, geographical regions, and gender.
Fig 4
Fig. 4
Forest plot of pooled prevalence of insomnia, PTSD, and psychological distress and distress, and comparisons between citizens and healthcare workers.
Fig 4
Fig. 4
Forest plot of pooled prevalence of insomnia, PTSD, and psychological distress and distress, and comparisons between citizens and healthcare workers.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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