Response to the United Nations Human Rights Council's Report on Race and Gender Discrimination in Sport: An Expression of Concern and a Call to Prioritise Research

Blair R Hamilton^{1

2

3}, Maria Jose Martinez-Patiño⁴, James Barrett³, Leighton Seal³, Ross Tucker⁵, Theodora Papadopoulou^{6

7

8

9}, Xavier Bigard^{6

7

10}, Alexander Kolliari-Turner¹, Herbert Löllgen⁶, Petra Zupet⁶, Anca Ionescu⁶, Andre Debruyne^{6

7}, Nigel Jones^{8

11}, Juergen M Steinacker^{6

7

12}, Karin Vonbank¹³, Giscard Lima^{1

14}, Federica Fagnani¹⁴, Chiara Fossati^{14

15}, Luigi Di Luigi^{7

14}, Fabio Pigozzi^{6

7

14

15}, Maurizio Casasco^{6

7

16}, Michael Geistlinger^{7

17}, Bernd Wolfarth^{7

18}, Jane T Seto^{19

20}, Norbert Bachl^{6

7

21

22}, Richard Twycross-Lewis²³, David Niederseer²⁴, Andrew Bosch²⁵, Jeroen Swart^{7

25}, Demitri Constantinou^{7

26}, Borja Muniz-Pardos²⁷, José Antonio Casajus²⁷, Victoriya Badtieva^{7

28

29}, Irina Zelenkova^{27

28}, James L J Bilzon^{7

8

30}, Michiko Dohi^{7

31}, Christian Schneider^{7

32}, Sigmund Loland³³, Michele Verroken^{34

35}, Pedro Manonelles Marqueta³⁶, Francisco Arroyo^{7

37}, André Pedrinelli^{7

38}, Konstantinos Natsis^{6

7

39}, Evert Verhagen⁴⁰, William O Roberts^{7

41}, José Kawazoe Lazzoli^{7

42}, Rogerio Friedman⁴³, Ali Erdogan^{7

44}, Ana V Cintron^{7

45}, Shu-Hang Patrick Yung^{7

46}, Dina C Janse van Rensburg^{7

47}, Dimakatso A Ramagole^{7

47}, Sandra Rozenstoka^{6

7

48}, Felix Drummond^{6

7

49}, Nick Webborn⁵⁰, Fergus M Guppy^{1

2}, Yannis P Pitsiladis^{51

52

53

54}

Affiliations

¹ Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK.
² Centre for Stress and Age-Related Disease, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK.
³ The Gender Identity Clinic Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
⁴ Faculty of Educational Sciences and Sports, University of Vigo, Galicia, Spain.
⁵ World Rugby, Dublin, Ireland.
⁶ European Federation of Sports Medicine Associations (EFSMA), Lausanne, Switzerland.
⁷ International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland.
⁸ British Association Sport and Exercise Medicine, Doncaster, UK.
⁹ Defense Medical Rehabilitation Centre (DMRC), Loughborough, UK.
¹⁰ Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), Aigle, Switzerland.
¹¹ British Cycling and University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
¹² Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany.
¹³ Department of Pneumology, Pulmonary Function Laboratory, Medicine Clinic (KIMII), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
¹⁴ Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy.
¹⁵ Villa Stuart Sport Clinic, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Rome, Italy.
¹⁶ Italian Federation of Sports Medicine (FMSI), Rome, Italy.
¹⁷ Unit International Law, Department of Constitutional, International and European Law, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
¹⁸ Department of Sports Medicine, Humboldt University and Charité University School of Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
¹⁹ Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.
²⁰ Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.
²¹ Institute of Sports Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
²² Austrian Institute of Sports Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
²³ School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
²⁴ Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich University Heart Centre, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
²⁵ Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
²⁶ Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
²⁷ GENUD Research Group, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Department of Physiatry and Nursing, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
²⁸ I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation.
²⁹ Moscow Research and Practical Centre for Medical Rehabilitation, Restorative and Sports Medicine, Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russian Federation.
³⁰ Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
³¹ Sport Medical Center, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.
³² Orthopaedic Center Theresie, Munich, Germany.
³³ Institute of Sport and Social Sciences, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
³⁴ Sporting Integrity Ltd, Stoke Mandeville, UK.
³⁵ Centre of Research and Innovation for Sport, Technology and Law (CRISTAL), Faculty of Business and Law, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK.
³⁶ Department of Sports Medicine, San Antonio Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
³⁷ FIMS Collaborating Center of Sports Medicine, Guadalajara, Mexico.
³⁸ Department of Orthopaedics, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
³⁹ Intebalkan Medical Centre, FIMS Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece.
⁴⁰ Amsterdam Collaboration On Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁴¹ Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
⁴² Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University Medical School, Niterói, Brazil.
⁴³ Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Endocrine Unit, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
⁴⁴ Gloria Sports Arena, FIMS Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, Antalya, Turkey.
⁴⁵ Puerto Rico Sports Medicine Federation, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
⁴⁶ Asian Federation of Sports Medicine (AFSM), Hong Kong Center of Sports Medicine and Sports Science, Hong Kong, China.
⁴⁷ Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
⁴⁸ FIMS Collaboration Centre of Sports Medicine, Sports Laboratory, Riga, Latvia.
⁴⁹ FIMS Collaboration Centre of Sports Medicine, Instituto de Medicina Do Esporte, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
⁵⁰ School of Sport and Service Management, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK.
⁵¹ Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK. y.pitsiladis@brighton.ac.uk.
⁵² European Federation of Sports Medicine Associations (EFSMA), Lausanne, Switzerland. y.pitsiladis@brighton.ac.uk.
⁵³ International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland. y.pitsiladis@brighton.ac.uk.
⁵⁴ Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy. y.pitsiladis@brighton.ac.uk.

PMID: 33289907
PMCID: PMC7721858
DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01380-y

Response to the United Nations Human Rights Council's Report on Race and Gender Discrimination in Sport: An Expression of Concern and a Call to Prioritise Research

Blair R Hamilton et al. Sports Med. 2021 Apr.

. 2021 Apr;51(4):839-842.

doi: 10.1007/s40279-020-01380-y. Epub 2020 Dec 8.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK.
² Centre for Stress and Age-Related Disease, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK.
³ The Gender Identity Clinic Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
⁴ Faculty of Educational Sciences and Sports, University of Vigo, Galicia, Spain.
⁵ World Rugby, Dublin, Ireland.
⁶ European Federation of Sports Medicine Associations (EFSMA), Lausanne, Switzerland.
⁷ International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland.
⁸ British Association Sport and Exercise Medicine, Doncaster, UK.
⁹ Defense Medical Rehabilitation Centre (DMRC), Loughborough, UK.
¹⁰ Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), Aigle, Switzerland.
¹¹ British Cycling and University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
¹² Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany.
¹³ Department of Pneumology, Pulmonary Function Laboratory, Medicine Clinic (KIMII), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
¹⁴ Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy.
¹⁵ Villa Stuart Sport Clinic, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Rome, Italy.
¹⁶ Italian Federation of Sports Medicine (FMSI), Rome, Italy.
¹⁷ Unit International Law, Department of Constitutional, International and European Law, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
¹⁸ Department of Sports Medicine, Humboldt University and Charité University School of Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
¹⁹ Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.
²⁰ Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.
²¹ Institute of Sports Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
²² Austrian Institute of Sports Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
²³ School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
²⁴ Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich University Heart Centre, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
²⁵ Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
²⁶ Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
²⁷ GENUD Research Group, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Department of Physiatry and Nursing, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
²⁸ I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation.
²⁹ Moscow Research and Practical Centre for Medical Rehabilitation, Restorative and Sports Medicine, Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russian Federation.
³⁰ Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
³¹ Sport Medical Center, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.
³² Orthopaedic Center Theresie, Munich, Germany.
³³ Institute of Sport and Social Sciences, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
³⁴ Sporting Integrity Ltd, Stoke Mandeville, UK.
³⁵ Centre of Research and Innovation for Sport, Technology and Law (CRISTAL), Faculty of Business and Law, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK.
³⁶ Department of Sports Medicine, San Antonio Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
³⁷ FIMS Collaborating Center of Sports Medicine, Guadalajara, Mexico.
³⁸ Department of Orthopaedics, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
³⁹ Intebalkan Medical Centre, FIMS Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece.
⁴⁰ Amsterdam Collaboration On Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁴¹ Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
⁴² Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University Medical School, Niterói, Brazil.
⁴³ Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Endocrine Unit, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
⁴⁴ Gloria Sports Arena, FIMS Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, Antalya, Turkey.
⁴⁵ Puerto Rico Sports Medicine Federation, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
⁴⁶ Asian Federation of Sports Medicine (AFSM), Hong Kong Center of Sports Medicine and Sports Science, Hong Kong, China.
⁴⁷ Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
⁴⁸ FIMS Collaboration Centre of Sports Medicine, Sports Laboratory, Riga, Latvia.
⁴⁹ FIMS Collaboration Centre of Sports Medicine, Instituto de Medicina Do Esporte, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
⁵⁰ School of Sport and Service Management, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK.
⁵¹ Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK. y.pitsiladis@brighton.ac.uk.
⁵² European Federation of Sports Medicine Associations (EFSMA), Lausanne, Switzerland. y.pitsiladis@brighton.ac.uk.
⁵³ International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland. y.pitsiladis@brighton.ac.uk.
⁵⁴ Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy. y.pitsiladis@brighton.ac.uk.

PMID: 33289907
PMCID: PMC7721858
DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01380-y

No abstract available

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Conflict of interest statement

All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest or competing interests.

References

1. BBC. Caster Semenya loses appeal against the restriction of testosterone levels in female runners. BBC, BBC Website. 2020. https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/athletics/54079837. Accessed 14 Sept 2020.
1. Athletics W. IAAF introduces new eligibility regulations for female classification. World Athletics. 2018. https://www.worldathletics.org/news/press-release/eligibility-regulation.... Accessed 14 Sept 2020.
1. Athletics W. Eligibility regulations for the female classification (Athletes with differences of sex development). 2019. https://www.worldathletics.org/about-iaaf/documents/book-of-rules. Accessed 1 June 2020.
1. Council HR. Intersection of race and gender discrimination in sport. 2020. https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session44/_layouts.... Accessed 10 Sep 2020.
1. Association WM. WMA urges physicians not to implement IAAF rules on classifying women athletes. 2019. https://www.wma.net/news-post/wma-urges-physicians-not-to-implement-iaaf.... Accessed 20 Oct 2020.

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Response to the United Nations Human Rights Council's Report on Race and Gender Discrimination in Sport: An Expression of Concern and a Call to Prioritise Research

Affiliations

Response to the United Nations Human Rights Council's Report on Race and Gender Discrimination in Sport: An Expression of Concern and a Call to Prioritise Research

Authors

Affiliations

Conflict of interest statement

References

Publication types

MeSH terms

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources